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Fall 2023 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is decomposition?

A

Breakdown of chemical bonds
formed during the construction
of plant and animal tissue

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2
Q

soils of old cemeteries have higher P content than control soil.

A

true

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3
Q

what are the benefits of composting?

A

concentrates plant-available nutrients and C:N decreases

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4
Q

who is a decomposer?

A

Organisms which feed on dead organic
matter

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5
Q

Saprophytes/Saprophages

A

Feeding or growing upon dead
organic matter. Microbial decomposers
(bacteria, fungi, protozoa)

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6
Q

Detritivores

A

An animal that feeds on
dead organic material

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7
Q

Scavengers

A

Large animals that mosty
consume carcasses
of other animals

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8
Q

Some plants without
chlorophyll are called
“saprophytic”.
Corallorhiza maculata
“Saprophytic” plants
actually get their energy
from saprophytic fungi
12
But they are not truly
saprophytic.

A
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9
Q

Decomposers support diverse foodwebs.

A

true

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10
Q

Centipedes are fierce predators.

A

true

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11
Q

the more tree is removed, the more springtail diversity reduced

A
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12
Q

microbial decomposers

A

Plant material, esp. wood, decomposed to a
large extent by fungi, animal material by bacteria

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13
Q

Mineralization

A

Release of inorganic nutrients from organic
matter

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14
Q

Immobilization

A

Incorporation of mineral nutrients into an organic
form in organisms

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15
Q

what is the role of mineralization and immobilization ?

A

During decomposition, both mineralization and
immobilization happens. While decomposers set
inorganic molecules free, they also immobilize
some of them in their own body, as they grow

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16
Q

both hay and straw are dead grass

A

true

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17
Q

what is hay?

A

Hay is grass, legumes or other
herbaceous plants that have been
cut, dried, and stored for use as
animal fodder, particularly for
grazing livestock such as cattle,
horses, goats, and sheep. It has a
low C/N ratio, it is cut when growing

18
Q

what is straw?

A

Straw is an agricultural by-
product, the dry stalks of cereal
plants, after the grain and chaff
have been removed. It has a high
C/N ratio. it is cut after senescence

19
Q

what happens when you add straw to the field?

A
  • Increased amount of micro-organisms, because
    straw is a source of energy for them
  • Availability of nitrogen in soil decreases, because
    the micro-organisms immobilize it .
20
Q

how to balance mineralization and immobilization ?

A

add:
1. Undecomposed nutrient-rich organic matter
2. Composted organic matter
3. Nutrient-poor organic matter

21
Q

sockeye salmon lays egg in down stream riverbed

A

False: A female sockeye lays eggs in an
upstream riverbed. The eggs
hatch to alevins

22
Q

Alevin

A

when the egg of sockeye salmon hatches

23
Q

anadromous behaviour

A

fish live in the sea mostly,
breed in fresh water

24
Q

catadromous behaviour

A

fish live in freshwater rivers, migrate to ocean to breed.

25
Q

Nutrients released from the carcasses increase
procuctivity of these nutrient-poor ecosystems.
This is important for the survival of sockeye offspring

A

true

26
Q

Example of semalparous behaviour

A

Lake Huron has an introduced chinook salmon that shows
similar semelparous (reproduce and die) behaviour.

27
Q

Exports out of an ecosystem

A

Gaseous, harvest, with water flow, with animal movement

28
Q

Gaseous export in the ecosystem

A

Respiration (CO2)
Denitrification (NO3-→N 2)
Volatilization of ammonium
(NH 4+→NH 3⇡)

29
Q

export with water flow

A

litter, particles, dissolved mineral

30
Q

clearcut

A

Removal of nutrients with the harvest

31
Q

impacts of clearcut

A

Increased export of nutrients
with water. More dead plant parts, and
increased solar radiation → High mineralisation rates.
Not enough plants there to take up the
nutrients

32
Q

nitrate production is higher after clearcut.

A

true

33
Q

deadwood is an
important source of forest biodiversity: less
deadwood, less fungi and insects, less birds

A

true

34
Q

what is the affect of forest fires?

A

Based on its intensity:
1. volatilization of nutrients
2. increase of accessibility of nutrients for plants(P, Ca, Mg)

35
Q

Pyromineralization

A

Increased accessibility
of nutrients for plants (P, Ca, Mg)

36
Q

Nutrient exports out of undisturbed
ecosystems are generally low
due to immobilization

A

true

37
Q

Spring ephemerals

A

reduce nutrient
exports: they
immobilize nutrients
when mineralization
increases but trees
are not yet growing

38
Q

nutrient spiraling

A

On their way downstream, nutrients are repeatedly
taken up by organisms and immobilized for a
while. this slows down the downstream movement of nutrients.

39
Q

Coastal and equatorial upwelling brings
deep, nutrient-rich waters to the surface.

A

true

40
Q

Areas of coastal and equatorial upwelling are generally
highly productive ecosystems

A
41
Q

specific horse intestinal throughput

A

or sHIT

Fall 2023 (15 decks)

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