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geog 220 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical environmental factors for food production

A

ensure that there is a match between animal and plant requirements and the physical environment, or create artificial physical environments by, for exemple, practising irrigation or building greenhouse. climate condition, the proper temperature, moisture. soil depth, texture, acidity, and nutrient composition all need to be considered. Topography, slope and elevation

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2
Q

Technological, Cultural, and Political Factors, on farming

A

biotechnology have improved agricultural productivity, pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers. Societal preferences, often guided by religious beliefs, may also favour specific agricultural activities because on the value placed on either the activity or the agricultural product. Governments may have many reasons for deciding to influence farmers behaviour

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3
Q

Supply and Demand

A

the most important variable are economic, agricultural products are produced in response to the market demand for them

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4
Q

Commercial agriculture

A

an agriculture system in which production is primarily for sale for profit; typically large scale, utilizing large amounts of land and the latest technology, and highly mechanized

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5
Q

Subsistence agriculture

A

an agricultural system in which production is not primarily for sale, but is consumed by the producer; topically small scale, utilizing small amounts of land and limited technological inputs, and relying on manual labour

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6
Q

Rent ceiling

A

the maximum rent that a potential land user can be charged for use of a given piece of land

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7
Q

Location theory

A

a body of theories explaining the spacial distribution of economic activities; commonly applied in agricultural, industrial, and urban contexts

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8
Q

Economic rent

A

the surplus income that accrues to a unit of land above the minimum income needed to bring a unit of new land into production at the margins of production

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9
Q

Von Thünen’s Agricultural Location Theory

A
  1. There is only one big city, that is, one central market
  2. All farmers sell their products in this central market
  3. All farmers are profits maximizers - economic operators
  4. The agricultural land around the market is of uniform productive capacity
  5. There is only one mode of transportation by which farmers can transport products to market
    - He was not so much excluding such key variables as physical environment, human preferences and behaviours, and the role of transportation, but rather holding these variables constant
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10
Q

Normative theory

A

a theory that focuses on what ought to happen, rather than what actually does occur; the aim is to seek what is rational, or optimal, according to some given criteria

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11
Q

Economic operator

A

a model of human behaviour in which each individual is assumed to be completely rational (makes sound and well-reasoned decision); economic operators aim to maximize returns and minimize costs

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12
Q

Rational choice theory

A

the theory that social life can be explained by models of rational individual action; an extension of the economic operator concept to other areas of human life

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13
Q

Satisficing behaviour

A

a model of human behaviour that rejects the rationality assumptions of the economic operator model; assumes that the objective is to reach an acceptable level of satisfaction

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14
Q

Crop theory

A

zones of land devoted to specific uses develop around the market, and the intensity of each specific land use decreases with increasing distance from the market
Intensity theory: for any given product, the intensity of production decreases with increasing distance from market

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15
Q

why is there land closer to urban area where there is nothing, or temporally used

A

The closer the land is to the city, the greater the anticipation of urban expansion and the lower the incentive (motivate) for capital investment in the land

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16
Q

Domestication

A

the ongoing process of selectively breeding plants and animals for specific characteristics (abundance of fruit, hardiness of seed, protein content of meat, and so on) that make them more useful to humans

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17
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

the gradual transition of human subsistence, beginning about 12 000 years ago, from dependence on foraging (hunting and gathering) to food production throughout plant and animal domestication

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18
Q

domestication

A

A domesticated plant is deliberately planted, raised, and harvest by humans; a domesticated animal depends on humans for food and, in many cases, shelter

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19
Q

Cause of domestication

A

climate change or/and population pressure (produce enough food for everyone), possibly began in environments favouring sedentary life and allowing leisure time
Climate change, population pressure, or both may have prompted search for new supplies

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20
Q

Pleistocene

A

the geological time period from about 1.5 million years ago to 12 000 years ago, characterized by a series of glacial advances and retreats; succeeded by the Holocene

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21
Q

what are the five principale transforming technological advances

A
  1. A second agricultural revolution
  2. The development of nitrogen fertilizers
  3. The ‘‘green revolution’’
  4. The biotechnology revolution
  5. no-till strategies
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22
Q

explain the second agricultural revolution

A

associated with the onset of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century; emergence of capitalism, England after 1700
- Development of new farming techniques, including introduction of feed crops and new crop rotations
- Increases in crop output because of improvements in productivity
- Introduction of labour-saving machinery
- The ability to feed a growing population

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23
Q

explain the development of nitrogen fertilizers

A

in the early twentieth century; plant legumes along with the cereal crops to replenish the soil’s nitrogen content, or to leave the land fallow for a season, and then the nitrogen fertilizers because population was growing to fast

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24
Q

explain the ‘‘green revolution’’, the negative point and the social and political implication

A

began in the mid-twentieth century; the rapid development of improved plant and animal strains and their introduction to the economies of the less developed world, expended use of fertilizers, other chemical inputs, and irritations, focus on high value/profits crops
- negative point: poorest farmers can’t afford fertilized and pesticides, increased inequality and exacerbated poverty in some regions. Brought unnecessary mechanization, reduced rural wages and increased unemployment. Use of fertilizers and pesticides, water pollution, unwanted damaged to other wildlife population, water shortages caused by increased irrigation, and serious health problems
- social and political implications; imported knowledge, downgrading of local knowledge, a component of neo-colonialism, increased the dependency of less developed country for importing fuel, fertilizer, pesticides

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25
Q

explain the biotechnology revolution

A

began in the late twentieth century and that, despite much opposition, is proceeding apace; alteration of the genetic composition of organisms, including food crops

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26
Q

explain the no-till strategies, the benefit and the trade-offs

A

The ongoing transition in some areas from ploughing the soil prior to planting to use of no-till strategies; turning the soil over either after a harvest or prior to planting, soils disturbance and can cause of soil erosion,
Benefit of no-till agriculture;
- Reduces soil erosion
- Conserves water
- Improved health of soil
- Lowers fuel and labour costs because of less tillage
- Reduces sediment and fertilizer pollution of nearby water bodes
- Sequesters carbon
Trade-offs;
- The transition from conventional to no-till farming may be difficult because other changes are needed
- The required equipment is costly
- There is a heavier reliance on herbicides
- There may be some unexpected changes in weeds and disease
- More nitrogen fertilizer may be needed at first
- Germination may be slower and there may be a reduction in yields

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27
Q

Organic farming

A

have more of the antioxidant compounds linked to better health and lower levels of toxic metals
1. Less centralized, marketing is local and regional
2. Emphasize the community, co-operative activity, using labour rather than technology
3. Less specialized

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28
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

economic and political strategies of dominance and subordination by powerful states over others; often develops after colonialism ends and the former colony achieves political but not economic independence

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29
Q

Landrace

A

a local variety of a domesticated animal or plant species that is well adapted to a particular physical and cultural environment

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30
Q

The green revolution and the technological advances have led to what

A

to a decrease in landrace

31
Q

Subsistence agriculture, and its positive points

A

a form of food production where the main objective is to provide
sufficient sustenance for individual needs, and not necessarily for sale or profit, old style, organic farming,
Positive point; animate labour, less energy intensive, preservation of soil fertility through natural means, integrated pest management, use of traditional crops, multi-cropping/polyculture, local production and consumption

32
Q

Shifting agriculture

A

selecting a location, removing vegetation, and showing crops on the cleared land, own and controlled by a larger social unit such as the village or tribe, after a few years, the land is abandoned due to declining productivity and a new location is sought, effective way of maintaining soil fertility in humid tropical areas, good for low population, provided adequate returns for minimal capital and labour inputs

33
Q

Wet rice farming

A

small farms, large amounts of human labour, the crop is submerged under slow moving water for much of the growing period, most notably flat land adjacent to rives, low walls delineate the fields and hold the water, for high population density, east Asia

34
Q

Pastoral nomadism

A

in the dry areas of Africa and Asia, rely on their herds for milk and wool, meat rarely eaten and rarely sold, have one group of animals, continually moving in search of suitable pastures

35
Q

Mediterranean agriculture

A

eastern mediterranean, wheat and barley, vine and tree crops (grapes, olives, figs), and gazing land for sheep and goats, all three activities are practised on all farms, was exported to environmentally suitable areas overseas

36
Q

Commercial forms of agriculture (industrial farming)

A

is the sale of agricultural commodities for profit, large scale, few farms, inanimate energy, mechanization, decreased employment, more energy per unit of output, use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation, GMOs, mono-cropping, export production

37
Q

Mixed farming

A

intensive and commercial, Europe, eastern North America, adoption of heavier ploughs and a three-field system, the reduction of fallow and the use of root crops and grasses for animal feed, and general intensification, related to population and market pressure, larger farms, especially high productivity, and advanced technology

38
Q

Dairying

A

north America, related to urban market advances in transportation, cattle feed is purchased rather than growth on the farm, more like a factory systems than the traditional image of an agricultural way of life, most important activity on global scale

39
Q

Plantation Agriculture

A

evolved within the context of colonialism, extremely intensive, operating on large scale using local labour (usually under European supervision) and producing only one crop on each plantation, multinational, lead to industrial agriculture

40
Q

Ranching

A

related to the needs of urban population, cattle and sheep are the major ranch animals, livestock-fattening economy (faltering the animal more quickly by reducing its movement), experiencing difficult economic times, part of colonization in north

41
Q

Large-Scale Grain Production

A

to supply the growing markets, farms are large and highly mechanized, wheat is the dominant crop in large-scale grain production and is often growth for export

42
Q

agriculture is a component of what

A

of larger systems of production and consumption that are often affected by regulations with a global impact, the activities of transnational corporations, and various production, processing, and marketing networks as part of globalization

43
Q

Restructuring

A

in a capitalist economy, changes in or between the various components of an economic system resulting from economic change

44
Q

what have replaced agriculture as the most important sectors of national economies

A

Industrial and service activities

45
Q

why can agriculture in the more developed world be justified regarded as an industry

A

because the farmer is no longer the sole or even the primary decision-maker

46
Q

why did the State have become increasingly involved in agriculture

A

because improvements in productivity have led to the oversupply of domestic markets, reducing both product prices and farm income

47
Q

State policies in more developed world

A

security of food supplies, price and income stability, protection of consumer interests, and regional development

48
Q

State policies in less developed world

A

increasing productivity and achieving higher farm incomes and dietary standards

49
Q

whats an example of vertically integrated agricultural activity

A

Agribusiness

50
Q

Agribusiness

A

a highly integrated form of transnational corporation in the agricultural, or food production, sector; typically highly capitalized, operating on a large scale
its a form of economic colonialism, with little concern for the social, economic, and environmental consequences of activities in the producing area,
is reluctant to take responsibility for negative impacts on the physical environment

51
Q

why did the global trade in food occur

A

because of the Industrial Revolution and, in particular, technological advances in ocean transportation and refrigeration,

52
Q

what does the kinds of foods consumed in different parts of the world reflect

A

reflect the available resources, but also the cultural context, as defined by religion, ethnicity, and so on

53
Q

why are bars, restaurants, and coffee houses important

A

play important roles in many people’s daily lives, not just as locations for eating and drinking, but also for developing a sense of community

54
Q

Third place

A

social locations, separate from home (first place) and work (second place), where social networking and community building takes place; includes public and private spaces such as libraries, community centres, cafes, churches, parks, and so on

55
Q

Canada Food Guide

A

help Canadians develop healthier eating habits

56
Q

what is the difference between the food in urban area and in the poorest countries?

A

In general, urbanites are wealthier and eat more food than poorer rural dwellers; they eat less fresh food but more processed food and more meat
the one countertrend is that some established wealth urbanites in more developed countries are consciously choosing to diversify their diet for health reasons, in particular by limiting (mainly red) meat consumption

57
Q

how much of the energy resources are wasted

A

one-third

58
Q

food waste in more developed countries

A

lost of 280-300 kg/year (total per capital production is about 900 kg/year), problem is human, food waste

59
Q

food waste in less developed countries

A

lost of 120-170 kg/year (total per capital production is about 460 kg/year), problem is lost rather then waste, occur in the production (like rats, and mice) and transportation stage, spill

60
Q

how can we produce enough food to feed everyone

A

through a combination of increasing research, changing diets, and reducing food loss and waste

61
Q

Food scarcity

A

a chronic, severe restricted access to food supplies; measured in two ways, quantity of food and quality of food

62
Q

Why does hunger occur? (5)

A
  • Population growth = too many mouths to feed
  • Rising income = more grain for livestock and energy,
  • International agribusiness - focused on export crops to rich countries
  • Bad farming techniques = use of marginal land resulting in desertification (irrigation)
  • Urbanization = loss of farmland
63
Q

2 ways to deal with feeding growing populations

A
  • Increase the amount of land under cultivation, extensification, dominant method until the 1980’s
  • Increase the yield of each productive acre cultivated, intensification, dominant method from 1980’s on, mechanized farming and green revolution technologies
64
Q

Economic rent

A

surplus income accruing to a unit of land above the minimum income needed to bring a unit of new land into production at the margins of production

65
Q

Rent ceiling

A

its ability to generate profits for land acquisition

66
Q

Normative theory

A

base on what should happen but not necessarily the reality

67
Q

Agrarian revolution

A

One interpretation: changes of 1700s industrialization
adoption of new crops and crop rotation
Improved productivity
Increased mechanization
Rising ability to feed a growing population
Institutional changes included
common land enclosures and the rise of private property
Land rental and the rise of wage labour

68
Q

Extensification

A

extent number of land for agriculture

69
Q

Intensification

A

intensify agriculture on land

70
Q

whats the percentage of fruit and vegetable species originally grown in US no longer exist

A

90%

71
Q

Three significant changes related to globalization

A
  • Global scale processes, e.g. food manufacturing
  • Global spread of standardized food items, accompanied by increase in local food production
  • Non farm sector of the food system increasingly controls consumption, e.g. food safety organizations
72
Q

Changes to the food supply system

A

Horizontal (monopoli) and vertical integration
Commodity networks link production, distribution, and consumption

73
Q

Emerge with rising incomes, urbanization

A

increase in overall consumption, less fresh food more processed food, and more meat

geog 220 (7 decks)

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