chapter 11

Question 1

Principle of least effort

Answer 1

considered a guiding principle in human activities; for human geographers, refers to minimizing distances and related movements

Question 2

Time-space convergence

Answer 2

a decreasing in the friction of distance between locations as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies

Question 3

Innovations

Answer 3

introduction of new inventions or ideas, especially ones that lead to change in human behaviour or production processes

Question 4

Three processes characterize the evolution of transportation systems;

Answer 4

1. Intensification: the filling of space
2. Diffusion: spread across space
3. Articulation: the development of more efficient spatial structures

Question 5

Water Transportation

Answer 5

Advantages; inexpensive, good over long distance because it offers minimal resistance to movement and waterways are often available to use at no charge
Disadvantages; slow, longer than the most direct way (circuitous), not all locations are accessible by water, topographic features, like variation in relief, or weather conditions, like freezing temperature, landlocked (country with no access to water)

Question 6

Railway Transportation

Answer 6

Advantages; second-least expensive form of transportation, are suitable for moving bulk materials when waterways are not available
Disadvantages; local topography makes railway construction (and maintenance) expensive, if not impossible

Question 7

Road Transportation

Answer 7

Advantages; are less expensive to build than railways, are often favoured in regional planning and related schemes, most of the internal movement, bridges often reduces road distances, Can accepte multiple form of transportation
Disadvantage; traffic

Question 8

Air Transportation

Answer 8

Advantages; it is rapid and is usually favoured for small-bulk (great size), rapid technologie change and political influence, tourist development
Disadvantage: most expensive method, damaged to environment

Question 9

Containerization

Answer 9

Shipping containers, the important role played by containers in facilitating economic globalization is difficult to overstate
Advantages; reduced transportation costs

Question 10

key factor promoting and reflecting globalization

Answer 10

Technology and organizational advances in transportation

Question 11

One specific consequence of such advances (Technology and organizational advances in transportation) on trade

Answer 11

trade has become an increasingly important part of the global economy

Question 12

Trade is highly vulnerable to what

Answer 12

the friction of distance

Question 13

unequal exchange

Answer 13

the former export goods to the latter at prices above their value, while the latter export goods to the former at prices below their values

Question 14

world trade organization

Answer 14

• reduce trade barriers
• reduce trade competition
• open countries to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Question 15

Tariff

Answer 15

a tax or customs duty imposed on imports from other countries

Question 16

3 others variables of trades

Answer 16

1. The specific resource base of a given area (needed materials are imported and surplus materials exported)
2. The size and quality of the labour force (a country with a small labour force but plentiful resources is likely to produce and export raw materials (kills and training))
3. The amount of capital in a country (higher capital prompts export of high-quality, high-value goods)

Question 17

transnational corporations TNCs

Answer 17

multinational corporation that take advantage of variation in factors such as land costs and labor costs

Question 18

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Answer 18

Direct investment by a government or transnational/multinational corporation in another country, often in the form of a manufacturing of processing plant

Question 19

International division of labour

Answer 19

the current tendency for high-wage and high-skill employment opportunities, often in the service sector, to be located in the more developed world, while low-wage and low skill employment opportunities, often in the manufacturing and processing sectors, are located in the less developed world

Question 20

The most important technologies to economic globalization

Answer 20

media; almost instantaneous transmission of information regardless of distance, Created a digital divide, technologie division between more developed countries and less developed countries

Question 21

Economic internationalization;

Answer 21

is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets

began with the development first of empires and then of economic links - particularly through the movement of capital and goods - between colonial powers and their colonies

Question 22

The Bretton Woods Agreement

Answer 22

post 2nd world war, 1944; help rebuild europe and stabilize the world economy to avoid future disaster

Question 23

what are the 3 institutions the bretton woods agreement created

Answer 23

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF); emergency loans, financing and investing in less develop countries, precautionary loans, short term loan to country struggling
2. International Bank For Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), (now the world bank); provide development assistance to Europe after the war
3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/world Trade Organization/ now the World Trade Organization; rules to govern global trade

Question 24

1973 - oil crisis

Answer 24

1) oil prices skyrocket; hit poor countries the most
2) OPEC becomes awash in foreign currency (US$); loaned to poor countries with world bank and IMF

Question 25

New International Division of Labour (NIDL)

Answer 25

the core regions can now use debts as the way to access cheap resources and cheap labour as part of the NIDL
-structural adjustment policies (SAPs) become the new form of colonialism
-neo-colonialism; the informal political and economic domination of less developed countries by wealthy nations, focused on comparative advantage

Question 26

Old International Division of Labour

Answer 26

created b/c of a need for was materials, labor, slave, new markets

Two major groups of countries; core (were we manufactured but things started to change) and periphery

Question 27

focusses of New International Division of Labour (NIDL)

Answer 27

cheap labour

Question 28

comparative advantage

Answer 28

do one thing better than any other countries

Question 29

export trade are driven by who

Answer 29

multinationals who manipulate governement

Question 30

primary commodities of commodity dependence trap

Answer 30

agricultural production, minerals, forestry

Question 31

3 problems with commodity dependence trap

Answer 31

1. Low prices for exports compared with imports e.g. bananas vs. Oil
2. Fluctuating prices - discourage investment from outside the country
3. Increased competition from other countries drives down prices and therefore income

Question 32

solutions to commodity dependence trap

Answer 32

1. Raise prices for your exports: reduce competition by creating Cartels?, doesn’t work very well as a solution
2. Create a New International Economic Order (NIEO): indexing , development assistance, lower tariffs on exports, requires huge political will of the western countries
3. Import substitution: produce, process and sell goods locally instead of importing the, trade is needed

Question 33

three aspects of globalization

Answer 33

1. Global integration; economic, social, environmental, communication and transport technologies
2. Global governance; the creation of supra-national bodies, more power than the country itself, like UN, WTO, G-8, OPEC’ NAFTA’ EU, etc
3. Global inequality; growing gap between the rich and the poor

Question 34

five step for integration in a trade blocs

Answer 34

1. Free trade area; consisting of a group of states that have agreed to remove artificial Barries, to allow movement and trade among themselves
2. The creation of a customs union, impose a common tariff barrier on goods for other states
3. A common market has all the characteristics of a customs union and allows the factors of production, such as capital and labour, to flow freely among member states. Member also adopt a common trade policy toward non-member states
4. An economic union is a form of international economic integration that includes a common market and harmonization of certain economic policies, such as currency controls and tax policies
5. Have common social policies and some supranational body is established with authority over all

Question 35

pro-globalization, hyperglobalist perspective

Answer 35

thomas friedman, contemporary international capitalism, globalization is intensifying, borderless world and perfect markets

Question 36

anti-globalization, skeptic view

Answer 36

john ralston saul, not a natural phenomenom, increasing inequality and polarization, increased regionalism, regimalization, imperfect market

Question 37

alter globalization, transformationalist view

Answer 37

pankaj ghemawast, we live in a world of semi-globalization, unprecedented interconnectedness, globalization is real and requires regulation to optimize it

Question 38

opposing globalization

Answer 38

unequal process favouring core, favours export over local sustainable economies, damages natural envir

Question 39

supporting globalization

Answer 39

reduce poverty, may promote democracy rights, increase food supply, education, human rights, gender issues, increases participation of more countries in decision-making process