chapter 3

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

a process that brings about changes in economic prosperity and quality of life

Question 2

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 2

a monetary measure of the market value pf all goods and services produced within a country over a given time period (usually one year)

Question 3

Gross national product (GNP)

Answer 3

a monetary measure of the market value of all goods and services produced within a country, plus those produced by individuals or corporations (of that country) operating elsewhere, over a given time period (usually one year)

Question 4

Ethnocentrism

Answer 4

a form of prejudice or stereotyping that presumes that one’s own culture is normal and natural and that all others are inferior

Question 5

Eurocentrism

Answer 5

a view that places the historical experience of Europe (and its descendants) as the benchmark for all comparisons; a form of ethnocentrism

Question 6

Gross national income (GNI)

Answer 6

A monetary measure of the market value of goods and services produced within a country, plus income from investments abroad, over a given period (usually one year).

Question 7

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

Answer 7

A tool that measures the relative cost of a common market basket of goods and services for comparing cost of living between countries

Question 8

Human Development Index (HDI)

Answer 8

A numerical measure of how well basic human needs are being met; a composite index incorporating health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and income (gross national income per capita)

Question 9

two explaination for global inequalities

Answer 9

1. the shape of continents; less isolated country, eventual spread of technologies to Europe
2. unequal relations establish during european colonial expansion; creates two division, dominant (core), and dependent countries (periphery)

Question 10

neoliberal theory

Answer 10

free and unregulated market, and removal of barriers to trade
Why does poverty/underdevelopment exist? Poorly implemented macro-economic policies
Answer to the problem of poverty/underdevelopment? Liberalize economies, 1. Neo-liberal market reforms (SAPs?) 2. Deregulation within the economy (free market)
1. reduce amount for gov control over prices
2. privatize state owned compagnies
3. reduce gov spending on public services, like health care
4. liberalize labour lost, dont allow working union, no benefit, no right to strike, cheap labour
5. liberalize foreign investment regulation, reduce, dumping sell below the cost, undercut local production, by getting the price of under product higher

Question 11

Why does poverty/underdevelopment exist?

Answer 11

Poorly implemented macro-economic policies

Question 12

Dependency theory

Answer 12

creates two divisions, dominant (core), dependent countries (periphery), product of colonialism
Why does underdevelopment exist? Core exploits and « underdevelops » the periphery for access to cheap resources and labour
Role of MNCs is critical, exploit the poor for profit

Question 13

Why does underdevelopment exist?

Answer 13

Core exploits and « underdevelops » the periphery for access to cheap resources and labor

Question 14

world systems theory

Answer 14

immanuel wallerstein, A set of ideas centered around the notion that the world is an interdependent system of countries linked together by an economic and political competition that shapes relations between core (more developed), semiperipheral (less developed), and peripheral (least developed) countries

Question 15

how is food shortages are both caused by and contribute to poverty

Answer 15

While famine, the body, including the brain, cannot develop fully

Question 16

Undernutrition

Answer 16

A dietary condition in which an individual consumes a quantity of food insufficient to sustain normal and healthy life; sometimes referred to as undernourishment

Question 17

Malnutrition

Answer 17

An umbrella category of dietary conditions, including undernutrition and overnutrition, in which an individual’s dietary needs are not being met, through too little food, too much food, or the wrong balance of foods (nutrients, vitamins, protein, and so on)

Question 18

Three factors of food shortages

Answer 18

1. Overpopulation: number of people in the world
2. Inadequate distribution of available supplies: the transportation infrastructure to guarantee the appropriate movement of food
3. Physical or human circumstances: flooding and war

Question 19

causes of food shortage

Answer 19

• vast majority of those remaining in agriculture cannot compete with the handful of commercial farms that can benefit from technological advances
• bad governement;
  1. a prolonged period of underinvestment in rural areas
  2. refugee problems stemming from political instability related to conflict
  3. HIV/AIDS and other diseases depriving families of productive members and damaging family structures
  4. continued population growth because of high birth rates
• Aid is often directed to urban areas, even though the greatest need is usually in rural areas; indeed, much donated food goes to governments, which then sell it for profit, moves money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries

Question 20

Refugee

Answer 20

An individual forced to flee their home country in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety, such as war, natural disaster, or political instability

Question 21

Asylum seekers

Answer 21

are people who have left their home country and have applied for refugee status in some other country

Question 22

Returnees

Answer 22

are refugees who are in the process of returning home

Question 23

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Answer 23

An individual forced to flee their home in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety (war, natural disaster, political instability, etc.); unlike a refugee, they do not leave their home country

Question 24

where is the biggest refugee emergency of our time

Answer 24

syria, six millions

Question 25

four solutions for refugees

Answer 25

• voluntary repatriation; which occurs when refugees decide to return home on their own
• Local settlement; Help clients identify the services they need, overcome barriers?
• Resettlement; the process of moving people to a different place to live
• Attacking the root causes of the refugee problems

Question 26

debt

Answer 26

The external debt of the less developed world—mostly money owed to international lending agencies and commercial banks in the more developed world

Question 27

Import substitution

Answer 27

An economic strategy of domestically manufacturing goods that were previously imported, through the aid of protective tariffs (taxation on imported goods); often used as a stimulus for industrialization

Question 28

Structural adjustment program (SAP)

Answer 28

Conditional loans provided to less developed countries by international development and lending agencies based in the more developed world (e.g. the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund), whereby money is contingent upon the country adopting free-market policies, privatizations, and deficit reduction (often through reduced social spending)

Question 29

poverty reduction theory

Answer 29

Emphasizes social (quality of life) development over economic
« bottom up Approach » to development vs. « Trickle Down Economics »

Question 30

Millennium Development Goals

Answer 30

aimed at improving the lives of people in poor countries by 2015

Question 31

Sustainable Development Goals

Answer 31

a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

Question 32

Meaningful reduction in inequalities requires

Answer 32

investment in community-based economic activity spread of human rights and political participation