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geog 220 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Less developed world

A

a large group of country characterized by low standard of living and social well-being

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2
Q

More developed word

A

a group of countries characterized by by high standard of living and social well-being, Canada, US, most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan

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3
Q

two continent were the population is increasing the most

A

asia and africa

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4
Q

Demography

A

the study of human population

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5
Q

key concept for studying population

A

concentration and dispersion, density, and pattern

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6
Q

Census

A

the periodic enumeration of all individuals and collection of demographic and other data in a given country at a particular point in time, Key to knowing how many people live in particular locations is data collected through a census

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7
Q

development

A

refer to the notions and measures of economic size and growth, social well-being, and modernization

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8
Q

why does people prefer living in certain place more than others

A

for agriculture, where the temperature permit a long growing seasons, fresh water, topology is relatively flat, and soils rich in nutrients

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9
Q

population, country and were people live in South - Central Asia

A

Home to nearly 2 billions people, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 65% of population live in rural area

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10
Q

population, country and were people live in East Asia

A

Home to more than 1,6 billions people, China, Japan, South Korea, 38% of population live in rural area

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11
Q

population, country and were people live in Europe

A

Home to 750 millions of people, most live in urban area

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12
Q

where is 60% of world population

A

asia

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13
Q

how is the population of Africa changing

A

as 10% of world population, and will raise from 16.6 to 26.1 per cent, 1,3 billions of people in only 33 years

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14
Q

what pourcentage of the population, Europe, North America, and Latin America will account for

A

10%

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15
Q

which countries will move in the top 10 most populated countries

A

Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia

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16
Q

which country will not be in the top 10 most populated countries anymore

A

russia and mexico

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16
Q

Physiological density

A

population per unit of cultivable (arable) land

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16
Q

Fertility

A

A populations natural capability of having children; also used to refer to the actual number of live births produced by a women
Crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of live birth in a given period for every 1000 person living

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16
Q

Fecundity

A

the ability of a women to conceive and have children; refers to the potential rather than the actual number of live births

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17
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

is the average number of children a women will have, more variable then CDR, more variation

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18
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

it maintains a stable population, the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next; each couple as just enough children to replace themselves

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19
Q

explain the biological factors affecting fertility

A

infertile, nutritional well-being, periods of famine reduce population growth by lessening fertility as well as increasing mortality

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20
Q

explain the economic factors affecting fertility

A

cost-benefit decision with increasing industrialization and urbanization, fertility declines, in traditional societies they are strongly pro-natalist, they favour large families, children were once valued for their contributions to the household economy but today represent an expense

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21
Q

explain the cultural factors affecting fertility

A

in such cultural contexts, the age at which women marry is important because it may reduce the number of effective fecund years, couple in common-law union are now viewed more accepted if they have babies, the pratice of contraception is closely related to government attitudes and to religion, if governments actively encourage limits to fertility, but theirs also religions that actively discourage contraceptive use, abortion is also a factor how is it seen in the society of different countries

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22
Q

why is Family planning widespread

A

because of the influence of public education campaigns in school and media

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23
Q

why as Fertility fallen

A

because of the obvious problems associated with rapid and substantial population increase, such as pressure on agriculture land and poor quality of urban life, women who have experiencing a rise in social status favour later marriage, smaller families, and more time between birth

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24
Q

why is fertility higher in less developed world

A

because of the economic condition and education, low incomes and for those with limited education, and contraceptive concept

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25
Q

what is the replacement level and why is that

A

Between 2.1 and 2.5, to cover women who decide not to have children or kids that die young

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26
Q

Mortality

A

deaths as a component of population change, Mortality is higher when the LE is low, when there’s disease, or conflicts like war
It can get higher if the population is getting older, so normal life circle will take on

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27
Q

Crude death rate (CDR):

A

the total number of deaths in a given periods, for every 1000 people living, less variable worldwide; affected by well-being and age

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28
Q

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1000 live births in a giver year, better indicator of social well-being

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29
Q

Life expectancy LE

A

estimates the average number of years one is expected to live, High LE, high quality living and working condition, good nutrition, good sanitation, and widely available medical services

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30
Q

Factors affecting mortality

A

Food availability, nutrition quality, sanitation quality, health care availability and quality, disease, conflict

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31
Q

The rate of natural increase (RNI)

A

measure the rate (usually annual) of population growth by subtracting the CDR form the CBR (total number of live birth - total number of deaths in a given periods)

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32
Q

Demographic/population momentum

A

the tendency for population growth to continued beyond the time that replacement-level fertility has been reached because of the relatively high number of people in the child-bearing years

33
Q

what pourcentage Sub-Saharan Africa, South-Central Asia and India will be of the total population growth

A

74%

34
Q

Doubling time

A

the number of years required for the population of an area to double its present size, given the current rate of population growth

35
Q

Pro-Nationalist Policies

A

Catholic or Islamic theology, where to politically dominant ethnic group is in danger of being numerically overtaken by an ethnic minority, government financially support big families, or put in place system to help families, like daycare facilities, so that the level of birth can stay at an acceptable rate, for questions of political and cultural consequences

36
Q

Anti-Natalist policies

A

less developed countries have initiated policies designed to reduce fertility, using the argument of carrying capacity, contraceptive, sterilization, education, Anti-natal policies were put by presumed experts from more developed countries; arrogant grounds that people do not know what is best for themselves

37
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that can be supported by a given set of resources and a given level of technology, its not fixed its dynamic

38
Q

Population pyramid

A

a diagrammatic representation of the age and sex composition of a population (biological sex at birth)

39
Q

Sex ration

A

the number of male per 100 females in a population, vary with age, male dye sooner than female

40
Q

which countries as a higher sex ration than normal and why is that

A

like India, Taiwan, South Korea, and China, because of abortion and female infanticide for the preference of sons over girls

41
Q

Population aging

A

a process in which the portion of elderly people in a population increases and the proportion of younger people decreases, resulting in increased median age of population

42
Q

Reason for growth

A

advance in culture and technology, language, cloths, transportation, agriculture revolution, the industrial revolution, etc…

43
Q

cause of population aging

A

changes in fertility and mortality, less babies born, human live longer

44
Q

consequences of population aging

A

increasing stress on retirement, pension, and related social benefits, health care program, more diseases like cancer and less doctors

45
Q

Limits to grow

A

a view that argues that both the world population and the world economy will collapsed because of insufficient available natural resources

46
Q

Malthusian theory

A

food production increases at an arithmetic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and population increases at a geometric rate (1, 2, 4, 8, etc.); therefore at some point population will exceed the food supply, human future; famine, vice, and misery, incorrect in his prediction, didn’t had concentration

47
Q

Theory

A

a set of interconnected statements or a system of ideas that is intended to explain something

48
Q

Noe-malthusian

A

Paul ehrlich, saying we should sterilize asian people or we will run out of food

49
Q

Demographic transition

A

the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population; mortality decline before fertility, resulting in substantial population increase during the transition phase, does not offer a provocative prediction of the future

50
Q

name the five stage of demographic transition

A

Stage 1. Age of pestilence and famine
Stage 2. Age of receding pandemics
Stage 3. Age of degenerative disease
Stage 4. Age of delayed degenerative disease
Stage 5: birth rate are lower than death rate

51
Q

The fertility decline in the less developed world is more a result of what

A

of culture change than the economic gains of industrialization

52
Q

Migration

A

the long-term or permanent relocation of an individual or group of people from an area to another

53
Q

why, and who migrate

A

For a better quality of life
Young, male, with high education

54
Q

Push-Pull logic

A

consider new location to be more favourable, because of economic (differences in income, agriculture, food supplies) , political (political environments, war), cultural (move to similar country, language and religion), and environmental (flooding or desertification),
Being located in an unattractive area is a push; being aware of an attractive alternative ares is a pull

55
Q

how many people have lived on earth

A

108 billions of people

56
Q

Life cycle

A

the process of change experienced by individuals over their lifespans; often divided into stages (such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age), each of which is associated which particular forms of behaviour

57
Q

Primitive migration

A

was a normal part of the human search for appropriate environment, the search that was responsible for the human occupation of most of the earth

58
Q

Forced and impelled migration

A

slavery, for work like asian population taken by force to work in other countries, has a small voice in the decision-making process, refugees (war, famine)

59
Q

Free migration

A

now, as the choice, also in a country

60
Q

Mass migration

A

free migration prompted by push-pull factors that are widely experienced and involve large numbers of people, political stress

61
Q

Illegal migration

A

those who consciously violate immigration laws, biggest form of migration

62
Q

name the cause of population distribution, physical au cultural causes

A

Physical; temperature, water, relief, soil quality
Cultural; continuity of ancient civilizations and recent trade and migration shifts

63
Q

Infectious disease

A

disease that spread from human to human via bacteria or viruses; sometimes referred to as communicable disease

64
Q

Degenerative or chronic disease

A

disease that are long-lasting and result form a gradual degeneration of the body; these diseases are more common today than in the past as a result of longer life expectancies

65
Q

Ebola

A

discovered in 1976, near the Ebola River in DR of Congo, deadly infectious disease, spread rapidly because of a general mistrust of government and people ignoring the advices

66
Q

Epidemic

A

a rapid increase (beyond what is normal) of relatively short duration in the number of cases of a disease within a population

67
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

started in the 1920s in Kinshasa in DR of Congo, first identified in 1981, AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome, HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus), caused of population growth, an active sex trade, the use of unsterilized needles in health clinic, more than 20 millions have died of AIDS since the 1980s, is around the world but more in sub-Saharan Africa, is a pandemic, poverty is the main cause, no treatment and no access to school

68
Q

Pandemic

A

an outbreak of disease that is of greater scope and scale (a whole country or region, or even the world) than an epidemic

69
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in human population

70
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

a transition in the dominant causes of death in a population over time, typically exemplified by a relative decline in infectious diseases and an increase in degenerative or chronic diseases

71
Q

what does the age of receding pandemics marks

A

it marks the beginning of the control of infectious diseases as a result of public health, sanitation, and nutritional improvements, as well as advanced in medical care, coincided with the industrial revolution

72
Q

what is the age of degenerative diseases is characterized by

A

by a decrease in death from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic and degenerative conditions associated with aging, third stage

73
Q

The age of delayed degenerative diseases is an extension of what

A

of Omran’s third stage and is the direct result of life-expanding medical care and prescription medicine which allow people to delay death and live longer into old age

74
Q

Health geography

A

is allied with health, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being:; not merely the absence of disease

75
Q

Medical geography

A

allied with the study of disease

76
Q

Health care

A

the maintenance or improvement g human health through prevention, diagnoses, and treatment of physical or mental illness or injury

77
Q

Peak child

A

the number of children stop growing, in the 2000

78
Q

what the relationship between the mortality and the number of babies

A

The grater the mortality is the greater the number of babies (in country were child have less chance of dying, 2.1, in country were there’s more chance to dying, 2,5)

79
Q

when was the first billion of population

A

1804

80
Q

when did the number of seniors outnumber the amount of children

A

2016

81
Q

what are the 7 concerns about the number seniors outnumbering the amount of children

A
  1. Rising health care costs
  2. Decreasing elderly support ratios (the number of workers (15-64) to each elderly person)
  3. Increased in poverty for seniors, because of inflation
  4. Decrease government revenues, seniors don’t pay taxes, will buy less things
  5. Increased taxation
  6. Increased pension contributions for younger generations
  7. ‘‘Sandwich generation’’ - increased need for compassionate leave - lower productivity ?, gonna have to take care of seniors, more time off job, lower productivity
82
Q

what is the 5 canada response for the number of seniors outnumbering the the amount of child

A
  1. Reduce taxes on younger cohorts to keep them in Canada
  2. Allow/ force people to work longer
    Provide legal protection calling forcible retirement discrimination
  3. Allowing the deferral of Old Age 4. Security and increase RRSP limits
  4. Spend more money on illness prevention
  5. Ensure financial viability of healthcare system

geog 220 (7 decks)

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