Chapter 9

Question 1

Which of the following is a model of criminal sentencing that holds that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they received at the hands of the law and that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of the crime committed?

Answer 1

Just deserts

Question 2

Which of the following refers to use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will commit future offenses?

Answer 2

Incapacitation

Question 3

Which of the following refers to a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment?

Answer 3

Deterrence

Question 4

Which of the following refers to a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality?

Answer 4

Specific deterrence

Question 5

Which of the following refers to a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced by making an example of the person sentenced?

Answer 5

General deterrence

Question 6

Which of the following is the attempt to reform a criminal offender?

Answer 6

Rehabilitation

Question 7

Which of the following is a goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim “whole again”?

Answer 7

Restoration

Question 8

Which of the following refers to a sentencing model that builds on restitution and community participation in the attempt to make the victim “whole again”?

Answer 8

Restorative justice

Question 9

Which of the following refers to a model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences?

Answer 9

Indeterminate sentencing

Question 10

Which of the following refers to the amount of time deducted from time to be served in prison on a given sentence as a consequence of participation in special projects or programs?

Answer 10

Gain time

Question 11

Which of the following refers to the amount of time deducted from time to be served in prison on a given sentence as a consequence of good behavior?

Answer 11

Good time

Question 12

Which of the following is a sentencing principle that holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed?

Answer 12

Proportionality

Question 13

Which of the following is a sentencing principle that holds that similar crimes should be punished with the same degree of severity, regardless of the social or personal characteristics of the offenders?

Answer 13

Equity

Question 14

Which of the following is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender’s criminal history should objectively be taken into account in sentencing decisions?

Answer 14

Social debt

Question 15

Which of the following is a model of criminal punishment that includes determinate and commission-created presumptive sentencing schemes, as well as voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines?

Answer 15

Structured sentencing

Question 16

Which of the following is a model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time?

Answer 16

Determinate sentencing

Question 17

Which of the following refers to recommended sentencing policies that are not required by law?

Answer 17

Voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines

Question 18

Which of the following describes a model of criminal punishment that meets all but the following conditions?

Answer 18

The official suspension of criminal proceedings against an alleged offender occurs at any point before the entering of the judgement.

Question 19

Which of the following refers to circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that make it graver than the average instance of that type of crime?

Answer 19

Aggravating circumstances

Question 20

Which of the following refers to circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that may be considered to reduce the blameworthiness of the defendant.

Answer 20

Mitigating circumstances

Question 21

Deterrence is based on the idea of “an eye for an eye”.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Mitigating circumstances result in harsher sentences under the determinate model

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Sentencing philosophies today focus primarily on rehabilitating offenders.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

The overall goal of deterrence is crime prevention.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Presumptive sentencing guidelines eliminate judicial discretion.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Most judges deny the presentence report writer’s recommendations.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Very few states currently use capital punishment as a sentencing option.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Justifications for the death penalty are collectively referred to as the retentionist position.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

“Truth-in-sentencing” means that probation officers have presented their presentence investigation report based on the truths they uncovered.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

General deterrence is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

Specific deterrence seeks to reduce the likelihood of recidivism by convicted offenders.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Aggravating circumstances indicate that a lesser sentence is called for.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

A victim-impact statement is generally a written document describing the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim’s survivors.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Fines are often imposed for relatively minor law violations.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

In the landmark case of Furman v. Georgia, the Court recognized “evolving standards of decency”.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

In the case of Ring v. Arizona, the Court forbade the use of visible shackles during the penalty phase of capital trials.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

Age is a bar to execution when the offender committed the crime when he or she was younger than 18.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

In Atkins v. Virginia, the Court ruled that executing mentally retarded people violates the Constitution’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The list of crimes punishable by death under federal jurisdiction increased dramatically with the passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

A total of 3,373 offenders were under sentence of death throughout the United States on January 1, 2006.

Answer 40

True