Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

why do people continue to think of race as a biological category?

A

the idea has been reified

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2
Q

what is reification?

A

when an inaccurate concept is so heavily promoted that it seems to be an unquestioned truth

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3
Q

when did reification of race as a biological concept begin, and with who?

A

in 1700s with Linnaeus

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4
Q

how did Linnaeus classify human race?

A

Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus

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5
Q

how did Blumenbach classify human race?

A

Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, and Malayan

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6
Q

what are the types of race classifiers?

A

lumpers and splitters

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7
Q

what are lumpers?

A

classify races by large geographic tracts and produce small number of broad, general racial categories

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8
Q

what are splitters?

A

classify races by localized regional races to determine more precise racial labels

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9
Q

what are cline?

A

differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area

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10
Q

why can’t skin colour determine race?

A

average range of skin colour gradually changes over geographic space

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11
Q

how does Vitamin D relate to skin colour?

A

less vitamin D = lighter skin

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12
Q

what does it mean to say that variations in human physical and genetic traits are non concordant?

A

each trait is inherited independently, not bundled together in a racial group

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13
Q

where is majority of genetic diversity in humans found?

A

within people who live on the same continent

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14
Q

what is racial formation?

A

how social, economic, political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories

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15
Q

what was a primary contributor to the expansion of “whiteness” in the USA?

A

rise of many members of those immigrant groups (Jews and Irish) in social status after WW2

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16
Q

what is hypodescent?

A

a socially constructed racial classification system where a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less privileged group

17
Q

what is the difference in classification of race between the USA and Brazil?

A

in Brazil the nature of race is more flexible and fluid

18
Q

what is pigmentocracy?

A

a society characterized by a strong correlation between a person’s skin colour and their social class

19
Q

what is an ethnic group?

A

a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared ancestry

20
Q

what is ethnicity?

A

the degree to which a person identifies with and feels an attachment to a particular ethnic group

21
Q

what is symbolic ethnicity?

A

expressive limited displays of ethnic pride

22
Q

what is ethnogenesis?

A

gradual emergence of a new, distinct ethnic identity in response to changing social circumstances

23
Q

what is acculturation?

A

loss of a minority group’s cultural distinctiveness in relation to the dominant culture

24
Q

what is assimilation?

A

members of ethnic minority groups must abandon native traditions and adopt those of the mainstream culture

25
Q

what is multiculturalism?

A

encouraging respect of ethnic and cultural diversity as a quality that enriches society

26
Q

what is amalgamation?

A

creation of new hybrid identities as groups mix; promotes hybridization of diverse cultural groups in a multiethnic society

27
Q

what is basic belief behind multiculturalism?

A

group differences don’t spark tension and society should promote tolerance for differences

28
Q

how are assimilation and amalgamation similar?

A

a strong, unified national culture is viewed as the desired outcome

29
Q

how do assimilation and amalgamation differ?

A

amalgamation blends various groups in a society into a new hybrid identity rather than expecting the minority groups to conform to the majority