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ANTH 1220 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a subsistence system?

A

set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food

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2
Q

what are foodways?

A

cultural norms and attitudes about food and eating

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3
Q

what are agricultural societies?

A

separates food production from consumption

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4
Q

what are non-agricultural societies?

A

have more direct link to their food and are likely to know where 100% of it comes from

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5
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population

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6
Q

what is Thomas Malthus’ theory?

A

we need famine and ware to keep population growth under control

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7
Q

we all play role as _____, ______, and _______

A

producer, consumer, and distributor

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8
Q

why is Thomas Malthus’ theory discredited?

A

population growth may increase pressure for new innovations and solutions

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9
Q

what are modes of subsistence?

A

types of food systems defined by tasks involved in obtaining food as well as way members of society are socially organized to accomplish these tasks

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10
Q

what are the modes of subsistence?

A

foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture

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11
Q

what is an immediate return system?

A

food is readily available for consumption

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12
Q

what is a delayed return system?

A

production of food requires investment in time before food is available for consumption

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13
Q

what is foraging?

A

societies that rely primarily on “wild” plant and animal food resources

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14
Q

what are characteristics of foraging?

A
  • broad spectrum diet
  • immediate return system
  • nomadic
  • egalitarian social structure
  • small with low population density
  • value of generosity
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15
Q

what is a broad spectrum diet?

A

diet based on wide range of resources

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16
Q

what is an egalitarian social structure?

A

social structure believing all are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities

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17
Q

in foraging, how is labour divided among genders?

A

men hunt and women gather

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18
Q

what is a potlatch?

A

extreme gift-giving

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19
Q

what is a nomadic society?

A

wanderers and often move around; migrators

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20
Q

what is a sedentary society?

A

little to no migration

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21
Q

when would a foraging society be sedentary rather than nomadic?

A

when there’s an abundance of food resources

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22
Q

foraging was seen as the ___________ society

A

original affluent

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23
Q

what does it mean for foraging to be the original affluent society?

A

they have an idyllic life where only small % go day is spent “working” and most % are spent in leisure

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24
Q

why might foraging not be seen as the original affluent society?

A

overly romanticized because challenging and depends on available resources

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25
Q

what is historical ecology?

A

ways culture co-evolved with environment

26
Q

what is a built environment?

A

human-made spaces

27
Q

true or false: there is such thing as 100% natural environment

A

false because human manipulation is everywhere

28
Q

what is pastoralism?

A

rely on herds of domesticated livestock

29
Q

is pastoralism usually nomadic or sedentary?

A

sedentary

30
Q

what is nomadic pastoralism?

A

type of pastoralism that moves around a lot because they need to supply grazing fields and water for livestock, also adaptation to periods of drought, avoiding conflict with neighbours, and oppressive government rules

31
Q

what is the main goal of pastoralism?

A

produce animals for resources beyond meat such as dairy, wool, dung, etc.

32
Q

where do most pastoralists live?

A

in Africa

33
Q

how do pastoralists obtain a balanced diet?

A

trade with neighbouring farms for other products

34
Q

in pastoralism, what does social life and status revolve around and how?

A

higher amount of animals = higher status

35
Q

gender roles in pastoralism?

A

men own the cattle and women tend to the cattle and are valued for their daily labour and maternal roles

36
Q

how are families structured in pastoralism and why?

A

polygynous families and as many children as possible to minimize workload

37
Q

what is a polygynous family?

A

man has more than one wife

38
Q

effects of sedentary lifestyle of pastoralists?

A

able to own personal property but more conflict with neighbours

39
Q

what are modern pressures threatening pastoralism?

A
  1. tourism
  2. agriculture
  3. human-caused environmental factors
40
Q

why are pastoralists sustainable?

A

land restrictions and regulations for conservation, don’t fully deplete resources

41
Q

what is horticulture?

A

gardens are major supplier of food

42
Q

how is horticulture different from agriculture?

A
  1. move based on best growing conditions
  2. simple tools and physical labour; not as mechanically advanced
  3. crops consumed by family and exchanged with community
43
Q

how do horticultures supplement their diets?

A

raise animals for protein

44
Q

how are crops selected in horticultures?

A

based on high yield compared to amount of labour

45
Q

horticultural crops tend to be higher in _____

A

`carbs

46
Q

what is shifting cultivation/”slash and burn” in horticulture?

A

moving fields periodically to avoid depleting nutrients from soil then coming back once it’s restored

47
Q

what is multi cropping in horticulture?

A

growing a variety of different plants

48
Q

what is intercropping in horticulture?

A

mixing plants in gardens/fields in advantageous ways

49
Q

which crops are considered the 3 sisters in horticulture?

A

corn, beans, squash

50
Q

how does social life revolve around crops in horticulture?

A

crops can be used for gifts, signs of status, and attributed with spiritual entities

51
Q

what is agriculture?

A

cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technology like irrigation

52
Q

what is the Neolithic Revolution?

A

transition from foraging to farming, explosion of agricultural tools

53
Q

how can agriculture be argued to lower quality of life?

A
  • mostly unsustainable because uses more resources than produced
  • among first societies to enslave and indenture labour
54
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of agriculture?

A
  1. reliance on few staple crops, usually via monocropping
  2. larger and more productive farms due to population growth
  3. more labour required thus farmers encouraged to have many children for labourers
  4. division of labour and specialization which in turn leads to wealth differences
55
Q

what is our economy organized around?

A

a world system

56
Q

what is a world system?

A

complex web where goods circulate around the globe

57
Q

what is the change in distribution in the global agricultural system?

A

food now comes from all over the world rather than only local crops being available

58
Q

what is a commodity chain?

A

series of steps food takes from point of origin to store/table

59
Q

what are the steps in the commodity chain?

A

farmer -> producers refine food -> wholesalers package food -> retail -> consumer

60
Q

as food moves _____ the commodity chain, its value goes ______

A

food moves down, value goes up

61
Q

why does world hunger exist even though there is enough food production to feed everyone?

A

unequal distribution of food

ANTH 1220 (11 decks)

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