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General Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical development

A

growth and changes in the body and brain, senses,
motor skills, and health and wellness

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2
Q

Cognitive development

A

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking,
reasoning and creativity

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3
Q

Psychosocial development

A

emotions, personality and social relationships

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4
Q

Continuous development

A

views development as a cumulative process, gradually
improving on existing skills

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5
Q

Discontinuous development

A

views development as occurring in unique stages
(specific times or ages).

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6
Q

Evidence for one course

A

Studies show that children from all around the world reach
language milestones in a similar sequence

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7
Q

Evidence for many courses

A

Cultural differences in child care practices – different
practices can accelerate or inhibit achievement of developmental milestones.

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8
Q

Nature

A

Biology and genetics

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9
Q

Nurture

A

environment and culture

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10
Q

Sigmond Freud

A

Believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults

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11
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Argues that personality development
takes place across the lifespan, not
just in childhood

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12
Q

Piaget

A

Focused on children’s cognitive growth and
theorized that cognitive abilities develop through
specific stages

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13
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporates information into existing
schemata

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14
Q

Accommodation

A

Change schemata based on new
information.

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15
Q

Sensorimotor

A

World experienced through
senses and actions

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16
Q

Preoperational

A

Use words and images to
represent things, but lack
logical reasoning

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17
Q

Concrete operational

A

Understand concrete events
and analogies logically;
perform arithmetical
operations

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18
Q

Formal Operational

A

Formal operations.
Utilize abstract reasoning

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19
Q

Germinal stage

A

Conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an
egg and forms a zygote (one-cell structure)

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20
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell division

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21
Q

Embryonic stage

A

After the zygote has 150 cells it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in
the lining of the uterus

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22
Q

Placenta

A

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen
from the mother to the embryo via the umbilical co

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23
Q

Prenatal Influences

A

Genetic and environmental factors can affect development during each prenatal
stage

24
Q

Teratogen

A

any environmental agent
(biological, chemical, or physical) that causes
damage to the developing embryo or fetus

25
Q

Alcohol

A

can cause fetal-alcohol
syndrome

26
Q

Smoking

A

can result in premature birth,
low-birth weight, stillbirths, sudden infant
death syndrome

27
Q

Newborn reflexes

A

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation
(help the newborn survive).

28
Q

Rooting reflexes

A

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation
(help the newborn survive)

29
Q

Sucking reflexes

A

suck on objects placed by mouth

30
Q

Grasping reflexes

A

Cling to objects placed by hands

31
Q

Moro reflex

A

baby spreads arms and pulls them back in when they are startled/feel
like they are falling

32
Q

Blooming period

A

neural pathways form thousands of new connections during infancy and
toddlerhood

33
Q

Pruning period

A

neural connections are reduced during childhood and adolescence to
allow the brain to function more efficiently

34
Q

Motor skills

A

ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

35
Q

Fine motor skills

A

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable
coordination of small actions (e.g., gripping a pencil)

36
Q

Gross motor skills

A

focus on large muscle groups that control arms and legs and involve
larger movements (e.g., balancing, running).

37
Q

Attachment

A

a long-standing connection or bond with others.

38
Q

Bowlby (attachment theory)

A

Defined attachment as the affectional bond/tie that an infant forms with the mother.

39
Q

Secure base

A

parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

40
Q

Secure

A

child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore

41
Q

Avoidant

A

unresponsive to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does
not care if parent leaves

42
Q

Resistant

A

show clingy behavior, but then reject mothers attempts to interact with them

43
Q

Disorganized

A

show odd behavior around caregiver

44
Q

Authoritative style parenting

A

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view

45
Q

Authoritarian style parenting

A

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience,
are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

46
Q

Permissive style parenting

A

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.

47
Q

Uninvolved style parenting

A

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred
to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few
demands.

48
Q

Temperament

A

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

49
Q

Easy temperament

A

positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of
regulating emotions.

50
Q

Difficult temperament

A

negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and
regulating emotions

51
Q

Adrenarche

A

maturing of the adrenal glands.

52
Q

Gonadarche

A

maturing of the sex glands

53
Q

Menarche

A

beginning of menstrual periods (usually around 12-13 years old)

54
Q

Spermarche

A

first ejaculation (around 13-14 years old)

55
Q

Cognitive empathy

A

the ability to take the perspective of others
and feel concern for others.

General Psychology (11 decks)

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