Chapter 8 PSYCH: Memory Flashcards
Automatic processing
encoding of details
like time, space, frequency, and the meaning
of words
Effortful Processing
encoding of details
that takes time and effort
Semantic Encoding
encoding of words and their meanings
visual encoding
encoding of images
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sounds
self-reference effect
the tendency for an individual to have better memory for
information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal
relevance.
3 short-term systems
visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop
Sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and
tastes
Short-term memory/working memory
a temporary storage system that processes
incoming sensory memory
memory consolidation
Transfer of STM
to long-term memory.
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of
information to be remembered.
Explicit (declarative) memory
memories of facts and events we can consciously
remember and recall/declare.
Semantic
knowledge about words, concepts, and language.
Episodic
information about events we have personally experienced.
Implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness.
Procedural
stores information about how to do things.
Retrieval
the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.
Recall
being able to access information without cues
Recognition
being able to identify information that you have previously learned
after encountering it again.
Relearning
Learning information that you previously learned.
Equipotential hypothesis
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is
damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function.
Eric Kandel
Studied the synapse and its role in controlling the flow of information through
neural circuits needed to store memories.
Amygdala
Involved in fear and fear memories (memory storage is influenced by stress
hormones)
Hippocampus
Associated with explicit memory, recognition memory and spatial memory
cerebellum
Plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano
and classical conditioning
Prefrontal cortex
Appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.
Neurotransmitter
Communication among neurons via neurotransmitters is critical for developing new
memories.
Arousal Therapy
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and
weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories.
Flash bulb memory
a record of an atypical and unusual event that has a very strong
emotional associations.
Amnesia
the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease,
physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Anterograde amnesia
inability to remember new information after pointing of trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred
prior to the trauma.
Construction
formulation of new memories
Reconstruction
process of bringing up old memories
suggestibility
the effects of misinformation from external sources that lead to the
creation of false memories
Elizabeth Loftus
studied false memories
Misinformation effect Paradigm
after exposure to incorrect information, a person
may misremember the original event
False Memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
Forgetting
loss of information from long-term memory.
Encoding failure
occurs when the memory is never stored in our memory in the first
place
Transience
Accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay)
Absentmindedness
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
Blocking
Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (aka tip-of-the-
tongue phenomenon).
Misattribution
Source of memory is confused
Suggestibility
False memories
Bias
Memories distorted by current belief system
Persistence
Inability to forget undesirable memories
Stereotypical bias
involves racial and gender biases
Egocentric Bias
involves enhancing our memories of the past
Hindsight Bias
the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
Chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks.
Elaborative rehearsal
technique in which you think about the meaning of the
new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for
encoding
