Chapter 10 Flashcards
Motivation
the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Intrinsic motivation
Behaviors are performed because they bring a sense of personal satisfaction
Extrinsic motivation
Behaviors are performed in order to receive something from others.
Overjustification effect
intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is
given
William James
Proposed the instinct theory of motivation, asserting that behavior is driven by instincts
(which aid survival).
Yerkes-Dodson Law
task performance is best when arousal levels are in a middle range, with difficult tasks best performed under lower levels of arousal and simple tasks best performed under higher levels of arousal.
Self efficacy
an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task
Bandura
Theorized that self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behavior
Need for achievement
drives accomplishment and performance
Need for affiliation
encourages positive interactions with others
Need for intimacy
causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships
Satiation
feeling of fullness and satisfaction causing eating behavior to stop.
Metabolic rate
the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
Set point theory
each individual has an ideal body weight/set point, which is resistant to
change
Bulimia nervosa
Involves engaging in binge eating behavior, followed by attempts to compensate for the large amount of food consumed. “Normal” weight range
Anorexia Nervosa
Maintenance of body weight below average through starvation and/or exercise.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus plays an important role in motivated behavior, including sex
Kinsey scale
used to categorize an individuals sexual orientation.
Excitement
arousal phase (erection,
lubrication)
Plateau
Increased swelling and blood
flow to labia minora, pre-ejaculatory fluid
orgasm
rhythmic contractions,
ejaculation
resolution
return to unaroused state
Sexual orientation
emotional and erotic
attraction toward another individual
Gender identity
one’s sense of being male or female
Gender dysphoria
diagnosis describing individuals who do not identify as the gender
that most people would assume they are.
Transgender hormone therapy
use of hormones to make one’s body look more like the
opposite-sex.
Components of emotion
physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and
subjective experiences
James-Lange Theory
Emotions arise from physiological arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently.
Empirical Findings
Individuals with spinal cord injuries (incapable of receiving autonomic feedback) could still experience emotion but in some it was less intense
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive.
Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory
Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.
Hypothalamus
involved in activation of the sympathetic nervous system
thalamus
sensory relay center, neurons project to both the amygdala and higher cortical
regions for further processing
Amygdala
plays a role in
processing emotional information and
sending it on to cortical structures.
hippocampus
integrates emotional
experience with cognition
Cultural display rule
culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies
of displays of emotions that are acceptable
