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Pathophysiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist

A

A substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

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2
Q

Allergen

A

Are antigens that cause allergic responses

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3
Q

Allergy

A

The deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens

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4
Q

Alloimmunity

A

Occurs when the immune system of one individual produces a reaction against tissues of another individual
- Can be observed during immunologic reactions against transfusions, transplanted tissue, or the fetus during pregnancy

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5
Q

Antagonist

A
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6
Q

Antigen

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7
Q

Antigen-Antibody Complex

A
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8
Q

Apoptosis

A
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9
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Is a disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens (antigens found in your body that do not provoke an immune response)

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10
Q

Blocking Antibodies

A
  • The mechanism by which desensitization occurs may be several, one of which is the production of large amounts of blocking antibodies
  • A blocking antibody presumably competes in the tissues or in the circulation for binding with antigenic determinants on the allergen so that the allergen is “neutralized” and is unable to bind with IgE on mast cells
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11
Q

Cellular Immunity

A
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12
Q

Central Tolerance

A
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13
Q

Chemotactic Factor

A
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14
Q

Clonal Diversity

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15
Q

Clonal Selection

A
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16
Q

Complement Cascade

A
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17
Q

Cytokine

A
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18
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A
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19
Q

Cytotoxicity

A
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20
Q

Degranulation

A
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21
Q

Desensitization

A
  • Clinical desensitization to allergens can be achieved in some individuals
  • Minute quantities of the allergen are injected in increasing doses over a prolonged period
  • This form of therapy is associated with a risk of systemic anaphylaxis, which can be severe and life-threatening
  • Food allergies have been very difficult to suppress
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22
Q

Epitope

A
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23
Q

Fc Region

A
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24
Q

Granzyme

A
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25
Q

Hapten

A
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26
Q

Helper T cell

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27
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

A
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28
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
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29
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host
- Can be classified by the source of the antigen that the immune system is attacking (allergy, autoimmunity, alloimmunity) AND by the mechanism that causes disease (types I, II, III, and IV)

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30
Q

Hypocomplementemia

A

Contains below normal amounts of complement activity
- Occurs in Type III immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions

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31
Q

Immunogenic

A
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32
Q

Isoimmunity

A
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33
Q

Isotype

A
34
Q

Ligand

A
35
Q

Lysosome

A
36
Q

Macrophage

A
37
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I

A

A deficiency that results from mutations in the genes for the transporters associated with antigen processing
- Because MHC Class I molecules preferentially present antigen to CD8+Tc cells, the resultant deficiency is of CD8+ cytotoxic cells, with normal levels of CD4+ helper cells and normal antibody production
- Not as severe as Class II

38
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II

A
  • More severe than Class I
  • Because of defective recruitment of T-helper cells, normal antibody responses are greatly suppressed
  • Children with this deficiency develop life-threatening infections and usually die before age 5
39
Q

Multifactoral Disease

A
40
Q

Natural Killer Cell

A
41
Q

Opsosin

A
42
Q

Perforin Deficiency

A
  • Results from a mutation in perforin, which is an important component of cellular killing by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, resulting in decreased or absent Tc and NK cells
43
Q

Peripheral Tolerance

A
44
Q

Phagocyte Deficiency

A

Range from inadequate number of phagocytes (severe congenital neutropenia) to defects in phagocytes function that can result in recurrent infections

45
Q

Plasma Cell

A

A differentiated B cell
- Produces antibodies

46
Q

Polymorphism

A
47
Q

Sensitization

A
48
Q

T Cell Receptor (TCR)

A
49
Q

What are the three primary protective functions of the immune response?

A
  1. Protects the body from invasion of microorganisms and other antigens
  2. Removes dead or damaged tissue and cells
  3. Recognizes and removes cell mutations that have demonstrated abnormal cell growth and development
50
Q

Inappropriate Immune Responses (4) (AKA source of antigen classification)

A
  1. Exagerrated against environmental antigens (allergy)
  2. Misdirected against the host’s own cells (autoimmunity)
  3. Directed against beneficial foreign tissues, such as transfusions or transplants (alloimmunity)
  4. Be insufficient to protect the host (Immune deficiency)
51
Q

Principal factors in the development of autoimmunity are (2)

A
  1. The inheritance of susceptibility genes, which may contribute to the failure of self-tolerance
  2. Initiation of auto-reactivity by triggers, such as infections, which may activate self-reactive lymphocytes
52
Q

Alloimmunity diseases caused by hypersensitivity develop because of the interactions of at least 3 variables

A
  1. An original “insult,” which alters immunologic homeostasis
  2. The individual’s genetic makeup, which determines the degree of the resultant immune response from the effects of the insult
  3. An immunologic process that causes the symptoms of the disease
53
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction Clinical Manifestations

A
  • Are attributable to the biological effects of histamine (IgE)
  • Tissues most commonly affected contain large numbers of mast cells and are sensitive to the effects of histamine released from them
  • These tissues are found in the GI tract, the skin, and the respiratory tract
54
Q

Allergy Testing

A
  • Skin testing helps determine allergens to which the individual is sensitive
  • The IgE blood test measures the amount of IgE in the blood = higher levels are associated with a more severe allergic response
55
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Type 2 allergic hypersensitivies are usually against allergic haptens that bind to the surface of cells and elicit an IgG or IgM response
  • The immune system attacks the allergen on the cell membrane and destroys the cell as well. In allergic reactions to PCN, the immunogenic antigen is a metabolite of PCN catabolism that binds to the plasma membrane of erythrocytes or platelets and induces an antibody response that destroys the cells, causing anemia or thrombocytopenia
56
Q

Examples of Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Seasonal allergic rhinitis
57
Q

Examples of Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Thrombocytopenic purpura
  • Graves’ disease
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
58
Q

Examples of Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
59
Q

Examples of Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Contact sensitivity to poison ivy and metals (jewelry)
60
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Occur after the formation of immune complexes containing soluble allergens
  • For instance, Arthus reactions may be observed after injection, ingestion, or inhalation or allergens
  • Skin reactions can follow subQ or intradermal with drugs, fungal extracts, or antigens used in skin tests
  • GI reactions, such as gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease), follow ingestion of antigen, usually gluten from wheat products
61
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Are mostly haptens that react with normal self-proteins in the skin
  • The primary result is an allergic contact dermatitis that is confined to the area of contact with the allergen
62
Q

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • RA
  • Scleroderma
  • Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
63
Q

Blood Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
64
Q

CNS Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • MS
65
Q

Muscle Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Myasthenia gravis
66
Q

Heart Autoimmune Diseases

A

Rheumatic fever

67
Q

Endocrine Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Addison’s disease
  • Graves’ disease
  • hypothyroidism
  • Thyroiditis
  • DM type 1
68
Q

GI Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Celiac disease
  • IBS
  • Pernicious anemia
69
Q

Kidney Autoimmune Disease

A
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Goodpasture syndrome
70
Q

Liver Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Primary biliary cirrhosis
71
Q

Eye Autoimmune Disease

A

Uveitis

72
Q

ARA Criteria for SLE

A

Must meet at least 4
- malar rash
- discoid rash
- photosensitivity
- oral ulcers
- arthritis
- serositis
- renal disorder
- neurologic disorder
- hematologic disorder
- presence of anti-nuclear antibody

73
Q

SLE Treatment

A
  • No cure
  • Symptom management
  • NSAIDs to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
  • Low-dose corticosteroids
  • Antimalarial meds
  • Immunosuppressive drugs (methotrexate)
74
Q

How do immunosuppressive drugs work?

A

They target the T-lymphocyte cell lines, which prevent their involvement in the immune response

75
Q

Transfusion reactions

A
  • RBCs express several important surface antigens, known collectively as the blood group antigens, that can be targets of alloimmune reactions
  • The blood group systems that provoke the strongest humoral alloimmune response, are the ABO and Rh systems
76
Q

Hyperacute Graft Rejection

A
  • Rejection usually occurs in recipients with preexisting antibody (type 2 reaction) to HLA antigens on vascular endothelium in the graft
77
Q

Acute Graft Rejection

A
  • Rejection is primarily a cell-mediated immune response that occurs within days to months after transplantation
  • This type of rejection occurs when the recipient develops an immune response against unmatched HLAs after transplantation
78
Q

Chronic Graft Rejection

A
  • May occur after a period of months or years of normal function
  • It is characterized by slow, progressive organ failure
  • usually results from a weak cell-mediated immunologic (type 4) reaction against minor histocompatibility antigens on the grafted tissue
79
Q

Primary Immunodeficiencies

A
  • Rare and serious
  • Either defects in phagocytes, B cells, T cells, or combined B and T cells
  • clinical hallmark is tendency to develop unusual or recurrent, severe infections
80
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

A
  • Drug-induced immunosuppression is the most common
  • more common but less severe than primary
  • secondary infections are common in immunosuppressed patients

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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