Chapter 10

Question 1

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 1

• Caused by HIV
• The major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of CD4+ Th cells

Question 2

Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs)

Answer 2

enzymes that aid resistance

Question 3

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 3

• worldwide problem
• environment antibiotic resistance has increased greatly since the use of antibiotics in agriculture

Question 4

Antigenic drift

Answer 4

relatively minor antigenic changes that usually result from mutations

Question 5

Antigenic shift

Answer 5

when a virus undergoes major antigenic changes (Flu A)

Question 6

Antigenic Variation

Answer 6

The principal method by which influenza virus eludes the immune system is by changing viral surface antigens

Question 7

Attenuated

Answer 7

weakened form of a virus

Question 8

Bacteremia

Answer 8

bacteria in blood

Question 9

Bactericidal

Answer 9

• these drugs kill bacteria

Question 10

Bacteriophages

Answer 10

Are viruses that specifically infect bacteria and can result in bacterial death and lysis

Question 11

Bacteriostatic

Answer 11

• these drugs inhibit the growth of bacteria

Question 12

B-Lactamase

Answer 12

a type of enzyme

Question 13

Biofilms

Answer 13

consist of mixed species of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, immersed in a highly organized extracellular matrix produced by the microorganism

Question 14

Capsule

Answer 14

the coating of a bacteria

Question 15

Dimorphic

Answer 15

have a yeast-like appearance in tissue and mycelium in culture

Question 16

Endogenous pyrogen

Answer 16

Agents that produce fever that are produced by the individual’s immune response

Question 17

Endotoxic shock (septic shock)

Answer 17

Once in the blood, endotoxins cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines that affect blood pressure; causes decreased oxygen delivery; and produces subsequent cardiovascular shock

Question 18

Endotoxin

Answer 18

part of the bacterial cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that can cause damage to the host even if the bacteria are dead

Question 19

Exogenous pyrogen

Answer 19

Agents that produce fever that are derived from outside the host

Question 20

Exotoxin

Answer 20

enzymes released by gram-positive bacteria into the host

Question 21

Fever

Answer 21

Fever is not a failure of the body to regulate temperature; rather, body temperature is being regulated to a higher level than normal

Question 22

Fungemia

Answer 22

fungi in blood

Question 23

Gene Switching

Answer 23

Some protozoa have developed very complex alterations in surface antigens using gene switching
- For example, African trypanosomes, carried by tsetse flies, can vary the structure of their antigenic coat (variant surface proteins) using gene switching, thus allowing them to be protected from immune defenses. Newly produced antibodies will not recognize the variant antigen coat allowing the trypanosome to survive

Question 24

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

Answer 24

• is a combination of drugs that attack different portions of the viral replication pathway of HIV
• the recommended first-line treatment is a combination of two NRTIs and a third drug from another class

Question 25

IgA protease

Answer 25

Bacteria may break down molecules of the immune or inflammatory system. An IgA protease produced by meningitis-causing microorganisms and other related bacteria cleaves IgA a the hinge region into ineffective Fc and Fab2 regions (blocks the immune response to bacteria)

Question 26

Integrase

Answer 26

- inserts viral DNA into the infected cell's DNA, where it may remain dormant (HIV)

Question 27

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Answer 27

- Also called endotoxins - is contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria and is released during lysis of the bacteria

Question 28

Mold

Answer 28

multicellular filamentous fungal colonies

Question 29

Multi-Drug Resistance Transporters (MDRs)

Answer 29

MDRs are members of a diverse and widely expressed family of transmembrane proteins that are designed to protect the cell by diminishing the rate of intracellular accumulation of antimicrobials by preventing entrance or, more commonly, increasing active efflux of the antibiotic

Question 30

Mycosis

Answer 30

an infection caused by a fungus

Question 31

Obligatory intracellular parasites

Answer 31

intracellular protozoan parasites that can only reproduce within host cells

Question 32

Passive Immunotherapy

Answer 32

Is a form of countermeasure against pathogens in which preformed antibodies are given to the individual

Question 33

Pili (fimbriae)

Answer 33

Thin, rodlike projections form the bacterial surface (helps provide adherence to cells and tissue during invasion)

Question 34

Reverse Transcriptase

Answer 34

converts single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA

Question 35

Sepsis

Answer 35

- a common type of systemic infection is the presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues throughout the body

Question 36

Septicemia

Answer 36

multiplication of microorganisms (particularly bacteria) into the blood

Question 37

Tissue tropism

Answer 37

localization of an infectious agent to particular sites, such as the confinement of common cold viruses to the respiratory tract

Question 38

Toxoid

Answer 38

Vaccination against the toxins is achieved using toxoids which are purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified without loss of immunogenicity

Question 39

Viremia

Answer 39

viruses in blood

Question 40

Yeast

Answer 40

single-cell fungus (Histoplasma)

Question 41

Zoonotic infection

Answer 41

infections that were harbored in animals and spread to humans with significant clinical impacts

Question 42

Goals of HIV treatment

Answer 42

1. decrease the viral load 2. maintain or increase CD4 cell counts 3. prevent HIV-related symptoms and opportunistic diseases 4. delay disease progression 5. prevent HIV transmission

Question 43

Penetration

Answer 43

entrance into the cell by endocytosis or membrane fusion

Question 44

Uncoating

Answer 44

release of viral nucleic acid from the viral capsid by viral or host enzymes

Question 45

Replication

Answer 45

synthesis of mRNA and viral proteins

Question 46

Release

Answer 46

exit from the cell by lysis or budding