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Pathophysiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A
  • Caused by HIV
  • The major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of CD4+ Th cells
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2
Q

Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs)

A

enzymes that aid resistance

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3
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  • worldwide problem
  • environment antibiotic resistance has increased greatly since the use of antibiotics in agriculture
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4
Q

Antigenic drift

A

relatively minor antigenic changes that usually result from mutations

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5
Q

Antigenic shift

A

when a virus undergoes major antigenic changes (Flu A)

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6
Q

Antigenic Variation

A

The principal method by which influenza virus eludes the immune system is by changing viral surface antigens

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7
Q

Attenuated

A

weakened form of a virus

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8
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in blood

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9
Q

Bactericidal

A
  • these drugs kill bacteria
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10
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Are viruses that specifically infect bacteria and can result in bacterial death and lysis

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11
Q

Bacteriostatic

A
  • these drugs inhibit the growth of bacteria
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12
Q

B-Lactamase

A

a type of enzyme

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13
Q

Biofilms

A

consist of mixed species of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, immersed in a highly organized extracellular matrix produced by the microorganism

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14
Q

Capsule

A

the coating of a bacteria

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15
Q

Dimorphic

A

have a yeast-like appearance in tissue and mycelium in culture

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16
Q

Endogenous pyrogen

A

Agents that produce fever that are produced by the individual’s immune response

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17
Q

Endotoxic shock (septic shock)

A

Once in the blood, endotoxins cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines that affect blood pressure; causes decreased oxygen delivery; and produces subsequent cardiovascular shock

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18
Q

Endotoxin

A

part of the bacterial cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that can cause damage to the host even if the bacteria are dead

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19
Q

Exogenous pyrogen

A

Agents that produce fever that are derived from outside the host

20
Q

Exotoxin

A

enzymes released by gram-positive bacteria into the host

21
Q

Fever

A

Fever is not a failure of the body to regulate temperature; rather, body temperature is being regulated to a higher level than normal

22
Q

Fungemia

A

fungi in blood

23
Q

Gene Switching

A

Some protozoa have developed very complex alterations in surface antigens using gene switching
- For example, African trypanosomes, carried by tsetse flies, can vary the structure of their antigenic coat (variant surface proteins) using gene switching, thus allowing them to be protected from immune defenses. Newly produced antibodies will not recognize the variant antigen coat allowing the trypanosome to survive

24
Q

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

A
  • is a combination of drugs that attack different portions of the viral replication pathway of HIV
  • the recommended first-line treatment is a combination of two NRTIs and a third drug from another class
25
Q

IgA protease

A

Bacteria may break down molecules of the immune or inflammatory system. An IgA protease produced by meningitis-causing microorganisms and other related bacteria cleaves IgA a the hinge region into ineffective Fc and Fab2 regions (blocks the immune response to bacteria)

26
Q

Integrase

A
  • inserts viral DNA into the infected cell’s DNA, where it may remain dormant (HIV)
27
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A
  • Also called endotoxins
  • is contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria and is released during lysis of the bacteria
28
Q

Mold

A

multicellular filamentous fungal colonies

29
Q

Multi-Drug Resistance Transporters (MDRs)

A

MDRs are members of a diverse and widely expressed family of transmembrane proteins that are designed to protect the cell by diminishing the rate of intracellular accumulation of antimicrobials by preventing entrance or, more commonly, increasing active efflux of the antibiotic

30
Q

Mycosis

A

an infection caused by a fungus

31
Q

Obligatory intracellular parasites

A

intracellular protozoan parasites that can only reproduce within host cells

32
Q

Passive Immunotherapy

A

Is a form of countermeasure against pathogens in which preformed antibodies are given to the individual

33
Q

Pili (fimbriae)

A

Thin, rodlike projections form the bacterial surface (helps provide adherence to cells and tissue during invasion)

34
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

converts single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA

35
Q

Sepsis

A
  • a common type of systemic infection is the presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues throughout the body
36
Q

Septicemia

A

multiplication of microorganisms (particularly bacteria) into the blood

37
Q

Tissue tropism

A

localization of an infectious agent to particular sites, such as the confinement of common cold viruses to the respiratory tract

38
Q

Toxoid

A

Vaccination against the toxins is achieved using toxoids which are purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified without loss of immunogenicity

39
Q

Viremia

A

viruses in blood

40
Q

Yeast

A

single-cell fungus (Histoplasma)

41
Q

Zoonotic infection

A

infections that were harbored in animals and spread to humans with significant clinical impacts

42
Q

Goals of HIV treatment

A
  1. decrease the viral load
  2. maintain or increase CD4 cell counts
  3. prevent HIV-related symptoms and opportunistic diseases
  4. delay disease progression
  5. prevent HIV transmission
43
Q

Penetration

A

entrance into the cell by endocytosis or membrane fusion

44
Q

Uncoating

A

release of viral nucleic acid from the viral capsid by viral or host enzymes

45
Q

Replication

A

synthesis of mRNA and viral proteins

46
Q

Release

A

exit from the cell by lysis or budding

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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