chapter 9 Flashcards
name of nervous system division that includes nerves
PNS
name of the nervous system division that includes brain and spinal cord
CNS
a group of peripheral axons bundled together in an epineurium is called
nerves
2 cells found in the nervous system are
neurons
glia
the knee jerk is a type of neural pathway called
reflex arc
a self propagating wave of electrical disturbances that travels along the surface of neurons plasma membrane
nerve impulse
the exterior of a resting neuron has a slight ______ charge, the interior has a slight _____ charge.
positive exterior
negative interior
during a nerve impulse, ______ is the ion that rushes into the neuron
sodium
the ______ is the place where impulses are passed from one neuron to another
synapse
acetylcholine and dopamine are examples of
neurotransmitters
_______ are chemicals used to by neurons to communicate
neurotransmitters
3 membranes that make up meninges
dura
arachnoid
pia
there are _____ pairs of cranial nerves
12 pairs
there are ______ pairs of nerves from spinal cord
31 pairs
_____are skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve
dermatomes
______ is part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates effectors during non stress conditions
parasympathetic
_______ is the part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the fight or flight
sympathetic
the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitter ________. the post ganglionic axons release ______.
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
the preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system release the neurotransmitter ______. the post ganglionic axons release ______ .
acetylcholine
acetylcholine
the autonomic system consists of neurons that conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the _______ muscle tissues.
cardiac
smooth
glandular
highly branched part of neuron that carrie’s impulses toward cell body
dendrite
a single projection that carrie’s nerve impulses away from cell body
axon
white fatty substance
myelin
cells that make myelin for axons outside of CNS
schwann cells
glia cells that help blood brain barrier
astrocytes
cells that act as microbe eating in CNS
microglia
cells that make myelin for axons in CNS
oligodendrocyte
part of brain stem that contains cardiac, respiratory, and vasometer centers
medulla oblongata
part of brain stem influences respiration
pons
part of brain stem that contains relays for visual and auditory impulses
midbrain
regulates body temp, water balance, sleep wake cycles, appetite, and sexual arousal
hypothalamus
sensory relay station from various body areas to the cerebral cortex : emotions, alerting, arousal
thalamus
regulates muscle coordination, equilibrium, posture
cerebellum
sensory perception, willed movements, consciousness, and memory
cerebrum
carries messages to and from brain to rest of body & mediates reflexes
spinal cord
nerve cells
neurons
glia
supporting cells
stimulus > receptor > interneuron > CNS
afferent neuron
CNS > effector > response
efferent neuron
central neuroglia
microglia
astrocytes
oligodendrocyte
microglia (central neuroglia)
phagocytosis
astrocytes (central neuroglia )
makes BBB
oligodendrocyte (central neuroglia)
makes myelin sheath in CNS
_____ bundle of nerves in CNS
tract
_____ in PNS
nerves
periphreal neuroglia
node of ranvier
neurilemma
schwann cells
schwann cells (peripheral neuroglia)
myelin sheath
growth factor for axon
ear is the ______ organ
sense organ
brain and spinal cord is part of the ______ nervous system
central nervous system
nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
peripheral nervous system
subdivision of peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
branching projection of neurons
dendrites
forms myelin outside of central nervous system (in PNS)
schwann cell
also known as efferent
motor neuron
gaps between adjacent schwann cells
nodes of ranvier
groups of wrapped axons
fascicles
tough sheath that covers the whole nerve
epineurium
simplest kind of reflect arc
two neuron arc
three neuron arcs consist of 3 kinds of neurons
sensory
interneuron
motor
impulse conduction in a reflex arc normally starts in
receptors
a _____ is the gap that serves as a junction where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another neuron
synapse
a _____ is the response to impulse conduction over reflex arcs
reflex
contraction of a muscle that causes it to pull away from an irritating stimulus is known as the _____
withdrawal reflex
a ______ is a group of nerve cell bodies in PNS
ganglion
all _____ lie entirely within gray matter of the cns
interneurons
in a patellar reflex , the nerve impulses that reach the quadriceps muscles (the effector) results in the classic _____ response
knee jerk
_____ is composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
gray matter
_____ do not continually race along every nerve cells surface
nerve impulses
when a ______ acts on a neuron, it increases the permeability of the stimulated point of its membrane to sodium ions
stimulus
an inward of positive ions leaves ______ of negative ions outside
excess
the plasma membrane of the _____ neuron makes up a portion of the synapse
postsynaptic
a synaptic knob is a tiny bulge at the end of the _______ neurons axon
presynaptic
acetylcholine is an example of
neurotransmitter
________ are chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with one another
neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters are distributed _____ into groups of neurons
specifically
catecholamines may play a role in ______ production
sleep
endorphins and enkephalins are neurotransmitters that inhibit conduction of ______ impulses
pain
what is part of the brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla
function of brain stem
sensory impulses
motor impulses
heart beat, respiration, blood vessel diameter
parts of diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
ADH is produced by the
hypothalamus
function of hypothalamus
control heart beat
constrict / dilation of blood vessels
contract stomach and intestines
release hormones
parts of brain that help with sensation and emotion and arousal and alertness
thalamus
ridges
gyri
grooves
sulci
deepest sulci separates lobes of brain
fissures
functions of cerebrum
movement
consciousness
memory
sensations
area of cerebrum responsible for perception of sound in _____ lobe
temporal
visual perception is located in the _______ lobe
occipital
function of cerebellum
equilibrium
movements
posture
interior of cerebrum are few islands of grey matter known as
basal ganglia
parkinson’s disease is a disease of the
cerebral basal nuclei
spinal cord is approximately _____ inches long
17-18
spinal cord ends at the bottom of the
lumbar vertebra
bundles of myelinated nerve fibers _____, make up white outer columns of the spinal cord
spinal tracts
tracts are functional organizations in that all the axons that compose a tract serve ____ function
one
1 olfactory
smell
sensory
2 optic
vision
sensory
3 oculomotor
eye movement
motor
4 trochlear
eye movements
motor
5 trigeminal
face, scalp, teeth, chewing movements
sensory & motor
6 abducens
eye movements
motor
7 facial
sense of taste & contraction of expressions
sensory & motor
8 vestibulo cochlear
hearing & balance
sensory
9 glossopharyngeal
throat, taste, swallowing movements
sensory & motor
10 vagus
slowing heart beat, voice production, acceleration of peristalsis
sensory & motor
11 accessory
shoulder & head movements
motor
12 hypoglossal
tongue movements
motor
which cranial nerves have both sensory and motor
5 trigeminal
7 facial
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
which cranial nerves control motor eye movements
3 oculomotor
4 trochlear
6 abducens
sensory cranial nerves
1 olfactory
2 optic
8 vestibulo cochlear
motor cranial nerves
3 oculomotor
4 trochlear
6 abducens
11 accessory
12 hypoglossal
spinal nerves contain
nerve plexus
motor neurons that make up ANS
autonomic neurons
tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
visceral effectors
somatic is ___
voluntary motor
dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the
gray matter of thoracic and upper lumbar
another name for parasympathetic nervous system
craniosacral
another name for sympathetic nervous system
thoracolumbar
sympathetic stimulation results in
response of numerous organs
parasympathetic stimulation frequently results in
response by only one organ
your _____ is determined by the combined sympathetic and parasympathetic
heart rate
meditation leads to ____ sympathetic activity
decrease
bundles of axons within CNS
tracts
transmits impulses toward cell body
dendrites
neurons that conduct impulses from ganglion
postganglionic
astrocytes are
neuroglia
pia mater is
meninge
nerve cells are
neurons
transmits impulses away from cell body
axons
peripheral beginning of a sensory neurons dendrite
receptors
two neuron arc
reflex arc
cluster of nerve cell bodies outside of cns
ganglion
one area of brain stem
medulla
fatty substance found around nerve fibers
myelin
where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another
synapse
outer cell membrane of schwann cell is called the
neurilemma
myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord is produced by
oligodendrocyte
myelin sheath in the nerves
schwann cells
simplest reflex arc
two neuron arc
a ganglion is a group of nerve cell bodies in the
PNS
each synaptic knob vesicle contains chemical compounds
neurotransmitter
myelin disorder
multiple sclerosis
cerebrum contains
corpus callosum
CVA is a
stroke
cerebrospinal fluid is in the
ventricles
cranial nerves contain
abducens
spinal nerves have ___ pairs
31 pairs
cranial nerves have ____ pairs
12
autonomic neurons are
visceral effectors
issues with dopamine are associated with
parkinson’s disease
