chapter 10 Flashcards
detected by sensory organs that exist as individual cells or receptor units
general senses
widely distributed throughout the body
general senses
detected by large and complex organs, or localized grouping of sensory receptors
special senses
sensory receptor types
capsulated / unencapsulated
type of stimuli (mode)
free or naked
unencapsulated
presence of covering capsule
encapsulated
type of stimuli or mode required to activate receptors
photoreceptor
chemoreceptors
pain receptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
all sense organs have common functional characteristics
detect stimuli
generation of nerve impulse
mode in general senses
stimulus or change a receptor/sense is able to detect
examples of general sensory receptors
free nerve ending, muscle spindle, organ, corpuscle
pain, discrimintive touch, tickle, temperature
free nerve ending
touch and possibly cold
bulboid corpuscle (krause end bulb)
pressure and high frequency vibration
lamellar corpuscle (pacini)
fine touch & low frequency vibration
tactile corpuscle (meissner)
touch and pressure
bulbous corpuscle (ruffini)
proprioception (muscle tension)
tendon organ (golgi tendon)
propriorception (muscle length)
muscle spindle
________ sense organs are also found in deep organs of the body
general sense organs
layers of eyeball
fibrous layer (outer)
vascular layer
inner layer
outer fibrous layer of eyeball contains
sclera
cornea
conjunctiva
lacrimal gland
tough outer coat of eyeball
fibrous layer
white of eye
sclera
transparent part over iris
cornea
mucous membrane that covers front of fibrous layer and extends to eyelids
conjunctiva
secretes tears that moisten conjunctiva
lacrimal gland
layer of eyeball that has dense network of blood vessels
vascular layer
vascular layer of eyeball contains
choroid
iris
lens
ciliary muscle
pigmented melanin rich layer prevents scattering of light
choroid
colored part of eye, contains pupil, construction/dilation of smooth muscle
iris
transparent body behind pupil, focuses or refracts light rays on retina
lens
front of vascular layer, edge of iris, contraction effects shape of lens, altering focus
ciliary muscle
inner layer of eyeball contains
retina
innermost sensory layer of eyeball
inner layer
contains various kinds of photoreceptors
retina
retina contains these photoreceptors
rods
cones
ganglion cells
receptors for night and peripheral vision
rods
receptors for day and color vision
cones
receptors for changing light patterns of days, months, seasons
ganglion cells
2 eye fluids called
aqueous humor
vitreous humor
anterior chamber in front of lens
aqueous humor
posterior chamber behind lens
vitreous humor
The innermost coat of the eyeball is the:
retina
Specialized receptors found near the point of junction between tendons and muscles are called:
proprioceptors
The ability to distinguish one touch stimulus from two is called:
two-point discrimination
Cones are densely concentrated in the:
fovea centralis
The substance that fills the chamber of the anterior cavity of the eye is:
the aqueous humor.
This type of receptor is found only in the eye
Photoreceptor
The sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the:
semicircular canals.
The sense organs of taste are the:
taste buds
The following are the original primary taste sensations except:
metallic
The sense organs are classified as:
general and special
As people grow older, they tend to become farsighted. This condition is called:
presbyopia
The ear is divided into three anatomical parts.
External ear, middle ear, inner ear
The tiny bones found in the middle ear are the:
ossicles
Gustatory cells are found in the:
mouth
Olfactory receptors are responsible for the sense of:
smell
visual pathways
brightness
color
focus
rods & cones
blind spot
visual interpretation
vision detects :
brightness
color
images
motion
vision detects intensity and wave length of light
brightness & color
light must be refracted by the eye to form a detectable image
focused
innermost layer of retina contains
rods and cones
impulse travels from _____ & _____ through the bipolar and ganglionic layers of retina
rods and cones
nerve impulse leave the eye through optic nerve: the point of exit is free of receptors called
blind spot
visual interpretation occurs in the
visual cortex of occipital bone of cerebrum
the ear is responsible for
hearing and equilibrium
the ear functions in hearing and in equilibrium using receptors called
mechanoreceptors
the ear contains
external, middle, inner
external ear contains
auricle pinna
external acoustic canal
external acoustic canal in the external ear contains
1 inch length
ceruminous glands
ends at tympanic membrane
middle ear contains
ossicles
ends in oval window
eustachian tube connects middle ear to throat
ear ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
auditory tube is also called
eustachian tube
inflammation of the middle ear
otitis media
inner ear contains
bony labryinth filled with perilymph
subdivided into vestibule, semicircular canals,
cochlea
membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph
hearing detects hearing detects changes in intensity (loudness) & frequency (tone) sound waves which are _________
pressure waves
sound waves are funneled by auricle into external acoustic canal and vibrate the ______
tympanic membrane
vibration of tympanic membrane are amplified by auditory ossicles and transmitted to the _______
oval window
vibrations of oval window trigger vibrations of _______ & ______
perilymph
endolymph
sensory hair cells on the spiral organ
organ of corgi
sensory hair cells on organ of corti respond when bent by movement of surrounding endolymph set in motion by sound waves, become damaged by ______
chronic exposure to loud noise
two types of equilibrium
static & dynamic
sense of gravity is
static equilibrium
ciliated hair cells in static equilibrium
mechanoreceptors
ciliares hair (mechanoreceptors) in 2 maculae in the
vestibule
when the head tilts, gravity pulls gel of each maculae bending sensory cilia and producing a
nerve signal
sense of speed and direction of movement
dynamic equilibrium
flap like capula
crista ampullaris
dynamic equilibrium is detected by
cilia hair cells of crista ampullaris in ampulla of each semicircular canal
speed or direction of the head changes, flow of endolymph is semicircular canals is altered, causing change in in sensory cilia producing
nerve signal
vestibular nerve carries nerve impulses form equilibrium of vestibules, joins with cochlear nerve form the
vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
sense of taste is called
gustation
taste receptors are chemoreceptors called
gustatory cells
gustatory cells located in
taste buds
cranial nerves carry gustatory impulses
VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
primary taste modes
sweet
sour
bitter
salty
detects sugars
sweet
detects acids
sour
detects alkaline solutions
bitter
detects sodium ions
salty
2 extra primary modes
metallic - detects metal ions
umami - detects glutamine amino acid
olfactory receptors in ____ of nasal cavity are sensitive but easily adapt (become fatigued)
olfactory mucosa
olfactory mucosa become easily
fatigued
odor causing chemicals initiate a never impulse that is carried on _______ cranial nerve I and interpreted as specific odor in the brain
I olfactory
olfaction has a strong relationship with ____ and _____ through límbico system
emotions and memory
emotions and memory
limbic system
all senses are processed and received in the
brain
flavor is formed by
gustatory and olfactory senses
gustatory and olfactory senses can be effected by
touch
pain
temperature
dulls flavor snensations
nasal congestion
our senses may decline as we
age
some sensory info is processed
subconsciously
both senses of equilibrium with vision and proprioception
posture and balance
a nerve impulse is a sensation in
CNS
