Chapter 7 Flashcards
function of skeletal system
supports
protects
movement
storage of calcium & fat
hematopoiesis
calcium
hormones regulate calcium storage
CT increases storage
PTH reduces stores of calcium
PTH function
reduces stores of calcium
fat function
stored in cavities of bone
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation in red bone marrow
4 (5) major types of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid (round)
example of long bone
humerus
example of short bone
carpals
example of flat bone
frontal
example of irregular bone
vertebrae
example of sesamoid bone
patella
structure of long bones
diaphysis or shaft
medullary cavity
epiphyses
articular cartilage
periosteum
endosteum
structure of flat bones
spongy bone between 2 compact bones
diploe
diploe
spongy bone layer of flat bone
diaphysis or shaft
hollow tube of hard compact bone
medullary cavity
hollow area inside diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow
epiphyses (ends of bone)
spongy bone contains red bone marrow
articular layer
covers epiphyses
functions as a cushion
periosteum
strong membrane covering bone except articular cartilage & bone joints
endosteum
thin membrane lining medullary cavity
bone tissue structure
cancellous (spongy) bone
compact bone
cartilage
cancellous (spongy) bone
trabeculae
epiphyses
red bone marrow
trabeculae
needle like threads of bone
compact bone
osteon
calcified matrix of concentric lamella
osteocytes , lucunae , canaliculi
concentric lamella
calcified matrix in layers or rings
osteocytes
bone cells
inactive osteoblasts
chondrocytes
cartilage cells
lacunae
spaces containing osteocytes
canaliculi
tiny tubes
cartilage
chondrocytes
gel matrix lacks blood vessels
making & remodeling of bone tissue
early bone development (before birth)
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
remodeling
early bone development (before birth)
fibrous cartilage structures
osteoblasts
form new bone matrix with collagen and calcium
osteoclasts
calcium for reabsorption into blood
remodeling
making and dissolving bone matrix to adult bone shape
endochondrial ossification
cartilage replaced by calcium bones
intramembraneous ossification
fibrous membranes form plates
fontanels are soft
axial skeleton (80)
skull
hyoid
vertebral column
thorax
skull bones
cranium 8
face 14
ear 6
paranasal sinuses
paranasal sinuses are in :
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxilla
vertebral column (spine)
vertebra 24
C7
T12
L5
S5
coccyx
vertebra are:
irregular bones
body, spine, transverse process, vertebral foramen, articular processes
atlas and axis
first 2 cervical vertebrae form pivoting structure
spinal curvatures can:
support the body but can be abnormally exaggerated
thorax
ribs 24
sternum
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower extremities
upper extremity (64)
pectoral girdle (shoulder) :
scapula 2
clavicle 2
humerus 2
radius 2
ulna 2
carpal 16
metacarpal 10
phalanges 28
lower extremity (62)
pelvic girdle (hip)
coxal bone 2
femur 2
patella 2
tibia 2
fibula 2
tarsal 14
metatarsal 10
phalanges 28
arch structure of foot
provides dynamic support for entire skeleton
male and female difference in pelvis
male:
larger
deep & narrow
female:
shallow & broad
inlet & angle: wider for baby
age difference in skeleton
enlarge and more ossified until 25
bones actively remodel in middle adult hood
less dense bones during elderly years
environmental factors
nutrition effects : bone tissue
mechanical stress, exercise, effects : bone remodeling
articulations
joint between two or more bones
kinds of joints
synarthrosis (no movement)
amphiarthroses (slight movement)
diarthroses (free movement)
synarthrosis (no movement)
fibrous connective tissue between articulating bones
sutures of skull
amphiarthroses (slight movement)
cartilage connects articulating bones
symphysis pubis
diarthroses (free movement)
most joints
structure of freely moveable joints
ligaments hood adjoining bones together for movement
articular cartilage
covers joint end
synovial membrane
lines joint capsule & secretes lubricating fluid
joint cavity
space between joint ends of bones
bursa
fluid filled pouch absorb shock
flexation
bending elbow
extension
straightening elbow
abduction
moving arm away from midline
adduction
moving arm to midline
rotation example
rotate head at neck point
circumduction
circulate arm
hinge joint example
elbow joint
knee joint
pivot point
axis & atlas
radius & ulna
saddle joint
thumb
condyloid joint
radius & carpal
ball and socket joint
hip and shoulder
(shoulder more range of motion)
gliding joint
vertebra
Bone-forming cells are called:
osteoblasts
These bones form the framework of the hand.
metacarpals
_______ is among the structures that characterize freely movable joints except
tendons
The following are functions of bone
hematopoiesis
storage
protection
support
A strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone except at joint surfaces is the:
periosteum
Spongy bone is characterized by:
open space partially filled by thin bony branches.
The main shaftlike portion of a long bone is the:
diaphysis
An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagenous fibers from bone is:
osteoporosis
Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models in a process called:
endochondral ossification
The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are the:
axial and appendicular
This bone is the longest bone in the body.
femur
Synarthrotic joints are:
immovable
The shoulder joint is an example of a:
ball and socket
An example of a hinge joint is the:
elbow joint
The structure of the knee joint permits movements of:
flexion and extension