Chapter 9 Flashcards
What was the earliest record of health?
A head count in Roman Empire 28 BC
17th century, Charles II formalized what?
Bills of Mortality
Recorded number of deaths each week to act as an early warning system for plagues
1662 John Graunt interested in Bills of mortality, published his book
Observations on the Bills of Mortality
1860 Will Farr applied statistics to John Snow observations and proved that ______ can be a cause of disease.
This immensely improved ____?
Infected water can cause disease
This influenced European cities to build sewage management systems,
immensely improved hygiene
In 1960s & 70s, what kind of studies from the business sector began to be used in large scale medical projects
cost effectiveness studies
Many current tools for measuring burden of disease were also developed.
In 1990, what 3 groups combined forces and used epidemiological methods to study burden of diseases globally?
What report was produced?
Harvard, WHO, Wold bank
Global Burden of Disease report
GBD Report was the first time the importance of ____ were addressed ?
Chronic diseases, including mental illness
Why measure health ?
Early warning of major diseases
Measuring disease is an essential part of minimizing _____ & _____ by epidemics though ____, _____, & appropriate _____
Minimizing risk and damage caused by epidemics through monitoring, surveillance, & appropriate interventions
WHOS _____ is responsible for coordinating disease surveillance initiatives.
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
Easier ____ and _____ make it possible for a severe infection agent to travel ____
Easier migration and immigration make it possible to travel around the globe rapidly
Measuring population health is essential to assess what?
Especially what 3 things?
The outcomes of health initiatives
Especially small pox erradicatuon programs, MDG and SDG target process
States have a responsibility to monitor ____.
Most developed countries have some form of ____ that can investigate newly identified health problems
Monitor population health
Some form of disease control and surveillance structure
Epidemiological transition from ___ disease to ___ disease changes decisions regarding health ___, ____, and _____ of existing health systems
Infectious to chronic diseases.
Health resources, financial distribution, and the reorganization of existing health systems
Major diseases are defined by ___
And less Lethal conditions are quantified by ___
Major : mortality rates
Less lethal: incidence and prevalence
