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Global health > Chapter 8: Water And Sanitation > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Water And Sanitation Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrheal deaths can be halved by teaching who, what

A

Teaching caregivers to wash their hands

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2
Q

What are the most cost effective aid initiatives

A

Water and sanitation initiatives

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3
Q

What was the Great Stink of 1858, and what was a result from it

A

Parliament in UK wasn’t able to meet bc of stench from Thames river

As a result London became the first city to construct a system of closed sewers and pumping stations

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4
Q

When standards of water and sanitation are poor the importance of what becomes apparent

A

Importance of hygiene in personal health

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5
Q

When water and sanitation standards fall rapidly (after disaster), the first results are what?

A

Water borne diseases like :
Gastroenteritis
Cholera
Typhoid

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6
Q

In chronic long standing areas of poor sanitation what becomes the principal determinate of ill health ?

A

Hygiene, particularly among children

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7
Q

Improvements In hygiene can produce enormous benefits in what?

A

Reducing child mortality

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8
Q

Who are the monitoring agencies for the hygiene targets?
How do they define the 3 categories of water sources?

A

WHO and UNICEF

Define water sources according to their level of safety;
unimproved
other improved
improved

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9
Q

What % of the developing worlds population has access to a safe drinking source ?

A

91%

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10
Q

How many people worldwide do not have access to improved water sources

A

663 million
majority SS Africa and S Asia

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11
Q

What is the most obvious health risk associate with dirty water

A

Spread of water borne diseases

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12
Q

Mosquitos depend on what for their larval stage

A

Stagnant untreated water

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13
Q

Poor sanitation is __times __ common than unsafe water supplies.

__% is without sanitation vs ___% lack clean water

A

3x more common
50% lack Sani
15% lack water

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14
Q

4 categories of sanitation based on degree of safety

A

Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
Shared
Improved

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15
Q

In 2015 how many ppl had no hygienic means of defecating?

What % is in South Asia and SS Africa?

A

2.4 billion

40% S Asia , 29% SS Africa

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16
Q

What infections kill more children than diarrheal diseases?

A

Respiratory infections
(2 million vs 1.5 million)

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17
Q

Polluted and overcrowded slums are ___ for children.

In 2003 290k kids were killed from ___

A

Death traps.
Killed from: drowning, traffic accidents, and poisoning

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18
Q

35% of total burden of disease worldwide is due to what?

A

Environmental hazards

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of years lost to disability in the developing world ?

A

Mental illness particularly depression

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20
Q

Poor living conditions are closely associated with what 3 things ?

A

Substance misuse
Family violence
Child abuse

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21
Q

The importance of housing is reflected in what SDG?

A

11:1

“ by 2030 ensure access to adequate safe and affordable housing, basic services, and upgrade slums”

22
Q

What is the largest slum settlement in the world?

A

Kibera,
5km from Kenya’s capital city Nairobi

23
Q

What are some Vector-control techniques?

A

Treating bed nets
Indoor residual spraying
Insect traps and screens
Large scale spraying

24
Q

What is the second most common cause of death among children ?

The introduction of what has reduced the death rate?

A

Diarrhea

Oral rehydration solution

25
Q

How many children die from avoidable gastroenteritis year

A

1.5 million

26
Q

Recurrent attacks of gastroenteritis results in worsening …. ?

A

Malnutrition

27
Q

What % of the worlds pop is chronically affected with intestinal worms ?
How is this caused ?

A

33% , caused by fecal contamination of water

28
Q

What is the total economic return in terms of more working days and better health?

A

$84 billion per year

29
Q

The cost of completely removing the last few cases of diseases like polio is so high that strong arguments have been made to aim for ____ rather than compete eradication

A

“Rare but still present”

30
Q

What are the greatest infectious threats to human health and productivity, and what were the deaths in 2009?

A

HIV (1.8 million deaths)
TB (1.3 million deaths)
Malaria (0.8 million deaths)

31
Q

What is the most severe form of malaria

A

P. falciparum (doesn’t have liver cycle)

32
Q

Destruction of red blood cells leads to what

A

Anemia
Jaundice
Fever

33
Q

Who has the highest mortality from malaria?

A

Those with reduced immunity :
Children, pregnant woman, travellers (5% case fatality rates for travellers)

34
Q

Why is it difficult to develop malaria vaccine ?

A

Because of the complexity of the malaria life cycle

35
Q

What 3 malaria programs have produced significant gains over the last decade?

A

Roll back Malaria
MGDs
Global Malaria Action Plan

36
Q

There are 106 countries where Malaria remains endemic, but 3 countries have been declared free of the disease. They are …

A

Morocco, Turkmenistan, UAE

37
Q

What was the treatment for TB until the first drug (streptomycin) was developed in 1943?

A

nutrition and rest in Sanatoria

38
Q

What is the principal source of infection of TB?

Intestinal infection still occur in areas where …

A

Air borne droplets from infected patients

Intestinal infections = unpasteurized milk from infected cattle

39
Q

Resistant TB is how many times more lethal than sensitive TB, and how much more expensive to treat?

A

Resistant 3x more lethal than sensitive
10x more expensive to treat

40
Q

Single drug treatment is associated with rapid development of what?

A

Drug resistance

41
Q

Most TB treatments courses rely on how many medications ?

A

3-4 medications, cut down to 2 drugs as time progresses

42
Q

How many ppl are living with HIV, and how many ppl have died ?

A

36.7 million ppl w/ HIV
30 million ppl died

43
Q

1) Early stages of HIV
2) As disease progresses
3) Later stages

A

1) asymptomatic, fever
2) weight loss, skin infections candida
3) bacterial infections, TB, spread to brain, severe wasting

44
Q

In the absence of supportive care and antiviral treatment, the progression from full blown AIDS to death usually occurs in ____, but can be dramatically altered by what?

A

death occurs in less than a year

Provision of effective antiretroviral therapy

45
Q

Which country was the first to provide universal antiretroviral therapy for infected HIV patients ?

A

Brazil

It’s AIDS program has halved the mortality and infection rates - program integrates prevention and treatment

46
Q

What major diseases are caused by the combination of polluted water, no sanitation, and poor living environment?

A

Diarrhea
Malnutrition

47
Q

Controlling spread of infection needs direct and indirect interventions such as …

A

Vaccinations
Improving housing, sanitation, and nutrition

48
Q

What 3 programs have combined to produce significant gains over the last decade in eradicating malaria

A

Roll back malaria
MDG
Global malaria action plan

49
Q

The global malaria action plan includes what 4 interventions

A

Insecticide treated mosquito nets
Indoor residual spraying
Prompt diagnosis & treatment
Intermittent treatment during pregnancy

50
Q

In the early 20th century what was the most common cause of adult death

A

TB

51
Q

What was STOP TBs 5 strategies

A

Vaccination
DOTS strategy
Case detection
Treatment standards
Drug access

Global health (7 decks)

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