Chapter 8: Water And Sanitation Flashcards
Diarrheal deaths can be halved by teaching who, what
Teaching caregivers to wash their hands
What are the most cost effective aid initiatives
Water and sanitation initiatives
What was the Great Stink of 1858, and what was a result from it
Parliament in UK wasn’t able to meet bc of stench from Thames river
As a result London became the first city to construct a system of closed sewers and pumping stations
When standards of water and sanitation are poor the importance of what becomes apparent
Importance of hygiene in personal health
When water and sanitation standards fall rapidly (after disaster), the first results are what?
Water borne diseases like :
Gastroenteritis
Cholera
Typhoid
In chronic long standing areas of poor sanitation what becomes the principal determinate of ill health ?
Hygiene, particularly among children
Improvements In hygiene can produce enormous benefits in what?
Reducing child mortality
Who are the monitoring agencies for the hygiene targets?
How do they define the 3 categories of water sources?
WHO and UNICEF
Define water sources according to their level of safety;
unimproved
other improved
improved
What % of the developing worlds population has access to a safe drinking source ?
91%
How many people worldwide do not have access to improved water sources
663 million
majority SS Africa and S Asia
What is the most obvious health risk associate with dirty water
Spread of water borne diseases
Mosquitos depend on what for their larval stage
Stagnant untreated water
Poor sanitation is __times __ common than unsafe water supplies.
__% is without sanitation vs ___% lack clean water
3x more common
50% lack Sani
15% lack water
4 categories of sanitation based on degree of safety
Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
Shared
Improved
In 2015 how many ppl had no hygienic means of defecating?
What % is in South Asia and SS Africa?
2.4 billion
40% S Asia , 29% SS Africa
What infections kill more children than diarrheal diseases?
Respiratory infections
(2 million vs 1.5 million)
Polluted and overcrowded slums are ___ for children.
In 2003 290k kids were killed from ___
Death traps.
Killed from: drowning, traffic accidents, and poisoning
35% of total burden of disease worldwide is due to what?
Environmental hazards
What is the most common cause of years lost to disability in the developing world ?
Mental illness particularly depression
Poor living conditions are closely associated with what 3 things ?
Substance misuse
Family violence
Child abuse
The importance of housing is reflected in what SDG?
11:1
“ by 2030 ensure access to adequate safe and affordable housing, basic services, and upgrade slums”
What is the largest slum settlement in the world?
Kibera,
5km from Kenya’s capital city Nairobi
What are some Vector-control techniques?
Treating bed nets
Indoor residual spraying
Insect traps and screens
Large scale spraying
What is the second most common cause of death among children ?
The introduction of what has reduced the death rate?
Diarrhea
Oral rehydration solution
How many children die from avoidable gastroenteritis year
1.5 million
Recurrent attacks of gastroenteritis results in worsening …. ?
Malnutrition
What % of the worlds pop is chronically affected with intestinal worms ?
How is this caused ?
33% , caused by fecal contamination of water
What is the total economic return in terms of more working days and better health?
$84 billion per year
The cost of completely removing the last few cases of diseases like polio is so high that strong arguments have been made to aim for ____ rather than compete eradication
“Rare but still present”
What are the greatest infectious threats to human health and productivity, and what were the deaths in 2009?
HIV (1.8 million deaths)
TB (1.3 million deaths)
Malaria (0.8 million deaths)
What is the most severe form of malaria
P. falciparum (doesn’t have liver cycle)
Destruction of red blood cells leads to what
Anemia
Jaundice
Fever
Who has the highest mortality from malaria?
Those with reduced immunity :
Children, pregnant woman, travellers (5% case fatality rates for travellers)
Why is it difficult to develop malaria vaccine ?
Because of the complexity of the malaria life cycle
What 3 malaria programs have produced significant gains over the last decade?
Roll back Malaria
MGDs
Global Malaria Action Plan
There are 106 countries where Malaria remains endemic, but 3 countries have been declared free of the disease. They are …
Morocco, Turkmenistan, UAE
What was the treatment for TB until the first drug (streptomycin) was developed in 1943?
nutrition and rest in Sanatoria
What is the principal source of infection of TB?
Intestinal infection still occur in areas where …
Air borne droplets from infected patients
Intestinal infections = unpasteurized milk from infected cattle
Resistant TB is how many times more lethal than sensitive TB, and how much more expensive to treat?
Resistant 3x more lethal than sensitive
10x more expensive to treat
Single drug treatment is associated with rapid development of what?
Drug resistance
Most TB treatments courses rely on how many medications ?
3-4 medications, cut down to 2 drugs as time progresses
How many ppl are living with HIV, and how many ppl have died ?
36.7 million ppl w/ HIV
30 million ppl died
1) Early stages of HIV
2) As disease progresses
3) Later stages
1) asymptomatic, fever
2) weight loss, skin infections candida
3) bacterial infections, TB, spread to brain, severe wasting
In the absence of supportive care and antiviral treatment, the progression from full blown AIDS to death usually occurs in ____, but can be dramatically altered by what?
death occurs in less than a year
Provision of effective antiretroviral therapy
Which country was the first to provide universal antiretroviral therapy for infected HIV patients ?
Brazil
It’s AIDS program has halved the mortality and infection rates - program integrates prevention and treatment
What major diseases are caused by the combination of polluted water, no sanitation, and poor living environment?
Diarrhea
Malnutrition
Controlling spread of infection needs direct and indirect interventions such as …
Vaccinations
Improving housing, sanitation, and nutrition
What 3 programs have combined to produce significant gains over the last decade in eradicating malaria
Roll back malaria
MDG
Global malaria action plan
The global malaria action plan includes what 4 interventions
Insecticide treated mosquito nets
Indoor residual spraying
Prompt diagnosis & treatment
Intermittent treatment during pregnancy
In the early 20th century what was the most common cause of adult death
TB
What was STOP TBs 5 strategies
Vaccination
DOTS strategy
Case detection
Treatment standards
Drug access
