Chapter 9

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

the set of forces that prompt a person to release energy in a certain direction

Question 2

Need

Answer 2

gap between what is and what is required

Question 3

Want

Answer 3

gap between what is and what is desired

Question 4

Intrinsic Rewards

Answer 4

come from within the individual

Question 5

Extrinsic Rewards

Answer 5

come from outside the individual

Question 6

Frederick W. Taylor

Answer 6

father of scientific management; believed that everyone was motivated by economic means

Question 7

Hawthorne Studies

Answer 7

changed the way many managers thought about motivation, job productivity, and employee satisfaction

Question 8

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 8

suggest the employees will perform better when they feel singled out for special attention or feel that management is concerned about employee welfare

Question 9

Human Relations Era

Answer 9

1930s, focused on how human behavior and relations affect organizational performance

Question 10

Classical Era

Answer 10

1900-1930s

Question 11

Abraham Maslow

Answer 11

proposed a theory of motivation based on universal human needs

Question 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 12

Physiological Needs - Safety Needs - Social Needs - Esteem Needs - Self-Actualization Needs

Question 13

Theory X (Management Style)

Answer 13

based on a pessimistic view of human nature, believes that humans don’t like work and will avoid it at all costs

Question 14

Theory Y (Management Style)

Answer 14

based on a more optimistic view of people; believes that people are willing to work hard for rewards

Question 15

William Ouchi

Answer 15

proposed a theory that combines US and Japanese business management, called Theory Z

Question 16

Theory Z (Management Style)

Answer 16

emphasizes long-term employment, slow career development, moderate specialization, group decision-making, individual responsibility, relatively informal control over employees, and concern for workers

Question 17

Motivating Factors (Job Satisfiers)

Answer 17

primary intrinsic job elements that lead to satisfaction

Question 18

Hygiene Factors (Job Dissatisfiers)

Answer 18

extrinsic elements of the work environment

Question 19

Expectancy Theory (Contemporary)

Answer 19

focuses on the link between motivation and behavior

Question 20

Equity Theory (Contemporary)

Answer 20

based on individuals’ perceptions about how fairly they are treated compared with their coworkers

Question 21

Equity (justice or fairness)

Answer 21

in the workplace, employees’ perceived fairness of the way they are treated and the rewards they earn

Question 22

Goal-Setting Theory (Contemporary)

Answer 22

based on the premise that an individual’s intention to work toward a goal is a primary source of motivation

Question 23

Reinforcement Theory (Contemporary)

Answer 23

says that behavior is a function of its consequences

Question 24

Job Enlargement

Answer 24

the horizontal expansion of a job, increasing the number of and variety of tasks that a person performs

Question 25

Job Enrichment

Answer 25

the vertical expansion of an employee’s job by attempting to increase job depth by providing more autonomy, responsibility, and decision-making authority

Question 26

Flextime

Answer 26

allows employees to decide what their work hours will be

Question 27

Compressed Workweek

Answer 27

employees work the traditional 40hrs, but fit those hours into a shorter workweek

Question 28

4-day Workweek

Answer 28

employees only work 4 days but work 32hrs or less

Question 29

Telecommuting

Answer 29

allows employees to work from home via a computer that is connected with their office, HQ, or colleagues

Question 30

Job Sharing

Answer 30

allows two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40hr/wk job

Question 31

Piece Rate (pay plan)

Answer 31

employees are paid a given amount for each unit they produce, directly links the amount they earn to their productivity

Question 32

Profit Sharing

Answer 32

based on overall company profitability

Question 33

Gain Sharing

Answer 33

incentive programs based on group productivity

Question 34

Stock Options

Answer 34

giving employees the right to purchase a given amount of stock at below-market prices

Question 35

Pay-for-Performance

Answer 35

financial incentives that allow variability in compensation to reflect an individual employee’s contributions

Question 36

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)

Answer 36

employees receive compensation in the form of a company stock