Chapter 9

Question 1

What do cell signals do?

Answer 1

They govern basic cell activites

Question 2

Explain the signaling of the SIGNALING OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Answer 2

The distance between the presynaptic
cell and the postsynaptic cell—called the
synaptic gap—is very small and allows
for rapid diffusion of the neurotransmitter.
Enzymes in the synaptic cleft degrade
some types of neurotransmitters to
terminate the signal.

Question 3

Hormones Signaling

Answer 3

Steroid hormones have similar chemical 
structures to their precursor, cholesterol. 
Because these molecules are small and 
hydrophobic, they can diffuse directly 
across the plasma membrane into the 
cell, where they interact with internal 
receptors

Question 4

In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate
group (PO4-3 ) is added to residues of the
what?

Answer 4

amino acids serine, threonine, and

tyrosine

Question 5

Explain the signaling of G Protein

Answer 5

Signaling molecule binds to G-protein

A subunit dissociates from B and y sub units and triggers cellular response

GTP Turns GDP

Question 6

Explain signaling in receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Answer 6

Singal molecule binds to receptor

Tyrosine residues are phosphorylazied

Question 7

What do Second Messengers do?

Answer 7

second messenger activate or inactivate proteins within the cell

Question 8

Phospholipase C

Answer 8

Pip, Ip , and Dag into second messenger

Question 9

What are the response to Cell signals

GCCT

Answer 9

Gene expression
Cell Death
Cell Growth
Termination

Question 10

What do autoinducers do?

Answer 10

They control gene expression

Question 11

How do bacteria attack pace makers? (rip bozo)

Answer 11

They use quorum sensing and form biofilms that exchange chemical signals to coordinate release of toxins that attack host