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Patient Care Final > Chapter 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microorganisms

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2
Q

Examples of microorganisms

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions and protozoa

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3
Q

Microorganisms that live on or inside the body without causing infections or diseases are referred to as

A

Normal flora

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4
Q

They aid in skin preservation and digestion and protect us from harmful organisms that can cause infections or diseases

A

Normal flora

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5
Q

Microorganisms that cause infections and diseases are called

A

Pathogens

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6
Q

Very small, single-celled organisms with a cell wall and an atypical nucleus that lacks a membrane

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

a resistant form of the bacterium that is produced within the cell when environmental conditions are unfavorable

A

Endospores

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8
Q

Can grow independently and replicate without a host cell

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

Subcellular organisms and are among the smallest known disease-causing organisms. Because of their small size, they must be viewed with an electron microscope

A

Viruses

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10
Q

A fully developed viral particle

A

Virion

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11
Q

Needs a host and can mutate quite rapidly, becoming resistant to drugs that were originally effective against them.

A

Virus

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12
Q

occur as single-celled yeasts or as long, branched, filament-like structures called molds that are composed of many cells

A

Fungi

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13
Q

It has been difficult to create antiviral drugs that are not also harmful to the host cell. Only a few antiviral agents exist, and these are useful against only a limited number

A

Viruses

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14
Q

fungi cause skin infections

A

athlete’s foot, ringworm

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15
Q

Infections caused by usually nonpathogenic organisms

A

Opportunistic infections

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16
Q

The smallest and least understood of all pathogens

A

Prion

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17
Q

Do not have DNA or RNA

A

Prions

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18
Q

Are complex single-celled animals that generally exist as free-living organisms

A

Protozoa

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19
Q

What is the correct order for the Cycle of Infection

A

Pathogenic organisms, reservoir of infection, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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20
Q

made up of genetic material, either DNA or RNA which is protected by an outer protein coating called capsid.

A

Virion

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21
Q

how do molds reproduce?

A

molds reproduce by spore formation

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22
Q

example of prions

A

mad cow disease

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23
Q

how protozoa classified as:

A

motile or nonmotile

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24
Q

distinguish pathogens from nonpathogenic organisms and normal flora

A

Virulence factors

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25
Q

Microorganisms capable of causing disease are called

A

pathogenic organisms or pathogens

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26
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

-whooping cough (droplet)
-Tuberculosis (airborne)
-Cystitis (contact)
-Syphilis (sexual contact)
-Gonorrhea (sexual contact)
-wound infection (contact)
-Infectious diarrhea (vehicle, contact)
-Strept throat (droplet)

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27
Q

Examples of Fungus

A

-Pneumonia, thrush in infants (droplet)
-Ring worm, athletes foot (contact)

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28
Q

Examples of Virus

A

-Mumps (droplet)
-poliomyelitis (vehicle, contact)
-Genital herpes (sexual contact)
-chicken pox, shingles (contact, airborne)
-measles (airborne)
-fever blisters (contact)

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29
Q

Examples of protozoa

A

-Amebic dysentery (vehicle, contact)
-Giardiasis (vehicle, contact)
-Malaria (vectors-mosquitos)

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30
Q

Can be resistant through drugs

A

Virus

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31
Q

Useful fungi

A

antibiotic, cheese, penicillin

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32
Q

Destructive fungi

A

ringworm

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33
Q

place where pathogens can thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat

A

Reservoir of infection

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34
Q

Normal flora can cause infections when they are located outside their usual environment or when the hosts immune system is compromised. such infections are called:

A

Opportunistic Infections

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35
Q

A reservoir of infection environment must have:

A

-moisture
-nutrients
-suitable temperature

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36
Q

Most common reservoir of infection

A

Human body

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37
Q

Other examples of nonhuman reservoirs:

A

-animals (the reservoir for Salmonella)
-soil(the reservoir for Tetanus)
-food (he reservoir for Botulinum)
-water (the reservoir for typhus and Legionnaires’ disease)

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38
Q

Any route through which blood, body fluids, excretions, or secretions leave the body

A

Portal of exit

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39
Q

Examples of Portal of Exit

A

-Gi tract
-open wound
-respiratory tract
-Urinary
-bloodstream

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40
Q

Free living organism, such as a parasite

A

protozoa

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41
Q

Classic example of a carrier of infection is

A

“typhoid Mary” who was a “healthy” food handler

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42
Q

What is this an example of:
asymptomatic individual infected with HIV who spreads the disease through sexual intercourse or by sharing contaminated needles with intravenous drug users.

A

carrier of infection

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43
Q

Because some pathogens live in the bodies of healthy individuals without causing apparent disease, a person may be the reservoir for an infectious organism without realizing it. These individuals are called

A

Carriers

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44
Q

are patients who have a reduced natural resistance to infection.

A

Susceptible hosts

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45
Q

Also called HAI

A

Nosocomial infection

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46
Q

-hospital acquired infections
-healthcare associated infections

A

Nosocomial infection, also called HAI

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47
Q

In addition to the primary problem that caused their hospitalization, they may develop a

A

Nosocomial infection

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48
Q

The route by which microorganisms gain access into the susceptible host

A

Portal of energy

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49
Q

examples of portal of entry:

A

-respiratory tract
-urinary tract
-gi tract
-open wound or break in skin
-mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth
-bloodstream

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50
Q

Most direct way to break the cycle of infection is to prevent transmission of the infection organism from the reservoir to the susceptible host

A

Transmission of disease

51
Q

Six main routes of transmission:

A

1) direct contact and indirect routes that involves transport of organisms by way of
2) fomites
3) vectors
4) vehicles
5) droplet contamination and
6) airborne

52
Q

-Infected person must touch susceptible host
-requires the pathogens to be placed in direct contact with susceptible tissues

A

Direct contact

53
Q

Examples of direct contact

A

-syphilis and HIV infections may be contracted when infectious organisms from the mucous membrane

-Also, skin infections often occur among hospital workers because of the frequent contact with patients who have staphylococcal and streptococcal diseases.

54
Q

An object that has been in contact with pathogenic organisms is called

A

Fomite

55
Q

Examples of fomite:

A

-contaminated urinary catheter
-contaminated gloves
-xray table
-positioning sponges

56
Q

is anthropoid in whose body an infections organisms develops or multiplies before becoming infectious to a new host.
-transmission occurs when an infected inset bites host.

A

Vectors

57
Q

Examples of vectors

A

mosquitos- malaria
ticks - lyme disease

58
Q

is any medium that transport microorganisms

A

vehicle

59
Q

examples of vehicles:

A

contaminated food, water, drugs, or blood

60
Q

Often occurs when an infections individual coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings in the vicinity of a susceptible host

A

Droplet contamination

61
Q

Involves contact of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of a host with large droplets (greater than 5 micrometers) that contain microorganisms

A

Droplet contamination

62
Q

how far do droplets travel

A

not far - 3 feet or less

63
Q

most common nosocomial infections

A

UTI

64
Q

Examples of droplet contamination:

A

-influenza
-meningitis
-diphtheria
-pertussis
-streptococcal pneumonia

65
Q

Occurs from dust that contains spores or droplet nuclei

A

Airborne Transmission

66
Q

Are defined as particles of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms and measures 5 micrometers or smaller in diameter

A

Droplet nucleis

67
Q

examples of airborne infections:

A

-tuberculosis
-rubeola
-varicella viruses (also transmitted via direct contact)

68
Q

The human body is protected from the invasion of microorganisms in three ways:

A

-natural resistance and defenses
-acquired resistance (also known as active immunity)
-short term passive immunity

69
Q

provided by mechanical barriers of intact skin and mucous membranes

A

Natural Resistance

70
Q

Occurs when an individual develops antibodies to a particular organisms as a result of either infection or immunization

A

Acquired Immunity (long term)

71
Q

Occurs following an injection of performed antibodies to a particular infection

A

passive immunity

72
Q

Inflammation increases blood flow to the site and permits the passage of fluids and white blood cells into the tissues to engulf and destroy the invading pathogens. This process is called

A

phagocytosis.

73
Q

for natural resistance what is the first level of defence?

A

Skin

Further information from textbook:
The mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems secrete mucus, which traps foreign particles. Additionally, the respiratory tract is lined with cilia that transport mucus-containing dust and microorganisms out of the body.

Chemicals, such as lysozyme in human tears and acids produced by the stomach, vagina, and skin, also help destroy invading microorganisms.

74
Q

This state of being resistant to a specific infection is called

A

acquired immunity

75
Q

Acquired immunity occurs because the body is able to distinguish itself from foreign protein substances that enter the body. These substances are called

A

antigens

76
Q

are protein substances formed in response to specific antigens.

A

antibodies

77
Q

Short term or longer term:
Acquired
Passive

A

Acquired- long term
passive - short term

78
Q

example of passive immunity

A

Newborns are temporarily immune to infections because of the antibodies that are passed from mother to fetus in utero. Infants will continue to receive this passive immunity if breastfed after birth. Because the body does not produce these antibodies, passive immunity is short term.

79
Q

Difference between active and passive immunity

A

Active or acquired immunity occurs when individuals develop their own antibodies to a specific antigen as a result of having the disease or being immunized against it. This resistance is long term. Passive immunity occurs when individuals receive antibodies produced outside their bodies, such as those from the mother that exist in the newborn, or those produced in a laboratory for emergency immunization. This resistance is short term.

80
Q

An infectious disease or condition that affects many people at the same time in the same geographic area

A

Epidemic

81
Q

Monitors and studies the types of infections occurring in the nation, compiles statistical data about these infections, and publishes this information in both a weekly report and an annual surveillance summary report

A

Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

82
Q

Studies, collects, and compiles infection data from every country in the world and makes this information available worldwide

A

The World Health Organization (WHO)

83
Q

The most complete source of information about infectious diseases in the United States

A

CDC

84
Q

Emerging diseases are:

A

-new diseases appearing in the population
-existing ones that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
-resurgent or recurrent old diseases caused by an old or mutated pathogen

85
Q

Disease emergence is precipitated by many factors:

A
  • Increased human exposure to vectors in nature
  • Population growth and migration to crowded cities
  • Rapid international travel and transportation of goods
  • Contact with new strains of dangerous pathogens
  • Pathogen mutation caused by overutilization of antimicrobial agents
  • Breakdowns in public health measures
  • Climate change
  • Bioterrorism
86
Q

Infectous disease examples are

A

-Emerging disease
-Healthcare-associated infectious
-Bloodborne pathogens
-Tuberculosis

87
Q

Widespread epidemic

A

Pandemic

88
Q

Hospital-acquired infections are also known as

A

Nosocomial infections

89
Q

are defined as those that occur more than 48 hours after being admitted to the hospital

A

Nosocomial infections

90
Q

The newer term for nosocomial infection

A

healthcare-associated infections (HAI)

91
Q

Typical source of infections of HAIs

A
  • Contaminated hands of health care providers
  • Contaminated instruments
  • Urinary catheters, ventilators, central lines, and surgical sites, which can allow microbes to gain easy entrance into the body
92
Q

HAIs that greatly concern health care providers because they are multidrug-resistant

A

-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
-Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

93
Q

Another type of HAI that is very common in the hospital environment

A

Clostridium difficile colitis

94
Q

A gastrointestinal infection that causes diarrhea
-caused by a gram-positive bacillus
-difficult to control because it cannot be eliminated by routine asepsis methods
-patients on antibiotics most susceptible

A

Clostridium difficile colitis

95
Q

Bloodborne pathogens include:

A

-HIV
-AIDS
-Hepatitis

96
Q

Are the most common cause of transmission from patients to healthcare workers

A

Needle-stick

97
Q

Is the bloodborne virus that causes AIDS

A

HIV

98
Q

HIV is transmitted by means of:

A

-Sexual contact
-Contaminaated blood or needles
-Fluids containing blood
-Placental communication from mother to fetus
-Mothers’ milk

99
Q

Hepatitis a and E are transmitted through

A

Food and water contaminated with feces

100
Q

Hepatitis B, C, and D are

A

bloodborne

101
Q

There is no vaccine for what type of hepatitis

A

Hepatitis C

102
Q

There are vacciones for only which type of hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A and B

103
Q

 A contagious, airborne
lung disease caused by M.
tuberculosis
 Most patients are
homeless, recent
immigrants, or
immunocompromised.
 Pre-employment screening
required for healthcare
workers and after known
exposure

A

Tuberculosis

104
Q

involving drugs that decrease the body’s normal immune response

A

immunosuppressant

105
Q

Diseases for which quarantine is currently authorized

A

-Cholera
-Diphtheria
-Smallpox
-TB
-Plague
-Yellow fever
-SARS
-Covid -19

106
Q

refers to an infection control system designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infections from unrecognized sources of bloodborne diseases and from other pathogens in health care institutions.

A

Universal Precautions “standard precautions”

107
Q

Expanded protection to all mosit body secretions

A

Body Substances precautions

108
Q

Standard Precautions apply to:

A
  • Blood
  • All body fluids
  • Secretions and excretions (except sweat), regardless of whether they contain visible blood
  • Nonintact skin
  • Mucous membranes
109
Q

Current infection-control system

A

Standard precautions

110
Q

Standard precautions includes transmission-based precautions for

A

-Airborne

111
Q

Published by OSHA in 1991

A

Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens

112
Q

OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard requires employers to

A

 develop an exposure-control plan for the work site that describes
employee protection measures.
 include engineering and work-practice controls to ensure the use of
personal protective clothing and equipment.
 provide signs and labels to identify biohazard materials.
 provide annual bloodborne pathogen training, hepatitis B
vaccinations, and medical care in the event of occupational exposure.

113
Q

Involves reducing the probability of infectious organisms being
transmitted to a susceptible individual

A

Medical Asepsis

114
Q

The process of reducing the number of organisms

A

Microbial dilution

115
Q

Involves the destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials

A

Disinfection

116
Q

This involves treating items with heat, gas, or chemicals to make them germ free

A

Sterilization

117
Q

Microbial dilution includes

A

-hand hygiene and other cleanliness measures
-Disinfection
-Sterlization (surgical asepsis)

118
Q

 Washing for 30–60 seconds with soap and water
 Alcohol-based rubs
 More effective at killing some HAI organisms,
such as C. difficile
 More convenient than accessing sinks

A

Hand Hygiene (sing happy birthday twice)

119
Q

 Cleaning reduces the incidence of airborne infections and the
transfer of pathogens by fomites.
 Always clean from the least contaminated area toward the more
contaminated area and from the top down.
 Avoid raising dust.
 Do not contaminate yourself or clean areas.
 After each use, clean all equipment that comes in contact with
patients. Use a cloth moistened with disinfectant.
 CDC recommends sodium hypochlorite bleach (Clorox) as an
inexpensive, effective disinfectant for preventing the spread of HIV

A

Cleaning Techniques

120
Q

Mix bleach in a 1:10 is

A

1 part bleach 10 cups of water

121
Q

 Replace linens after each patient.
 To dispose of contaminated linens
 fold edges to the middle without shaking or flapping.
 place loosely balled linens in designated hamper.
 Sharps container is proper disposal for needles.
 Blood-contaminated items (gauze, bandages) also have
designated “Biohazard” disposal containers.

A

Handling and Disposal Of Contaminated Items and Waste

122
Q

 Requires two technologists
 One has all patient contact.
 Other has no patient contact—only handles equipment.
 Reduces contamination of equipment, which is difficult to
disinfect completely
 When patient is in the department, use sheets to cover table,
wheelchair, etc.
 Wear appropriate protective apparel.

A

Radiography of Isolation Patient

123
Q

are designed to prevent the spread of infections to compromised patients

A

Protective precautions

124
Q

 Includes neonates, organ transplants, burn victims, and those
receiving chemotherapy
 Older terminology—protective isolation or reverse isolation
 May require a modified surgical aseptic technique.
 Two radiographers are recommended for imaging procedures.

A

Precautions for Compromised Patients

Patient Care Final (7 decks)

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