Chapter 8.6 - Exam Review Flashcards
The most common type of stress is (acute/chronic) and results from pressures occurring at a given time?
Acute.
Give an example of when a low level of stress or under-arousal may equate to complacency or boredom in a Pilot which can be dangerous due to lack of attention?
During extended cruising flight in perfect weather.
A Pilot’s performance will generally peak when stress is (moderate/high) and the state of arousal is (drowsy/alert)?
- Moderate.
- Alert.
What happens to a Pilot’s performance as stress (arousal) levels increase to the point where panic sets in?
Performance rapidly deteriorates.
Name four potential sources of stress at work?
- Peers.
- Management.
- Rostering/Scheduling.
- Career Uncertainty.
- Operational Issues.
- Training Courses.
- Flight Tests.
True or False. Noise interferes with communication in the cockpit and can cause headache and fatigue on a long flight, thus impairing performance?
True.
List three major life-based (psychological) stressors?
- Death/Sickness to Family.
- Career Uncertainty.
- Loss of Income.
- Conflict in Relationships.
- Change of Residence.
The margin of safety is a term used in stress management – how is this defined?
The difference between a Pilot’s capabilities and the task requirements.
When energy reserves in our body have been seriously depleted for some reason, we are said to be (stressed/fatigued)?
Fatigued.
True or False. Like stress, the onset of fatigue can be a threat of safety because it can be insidious and go unnoticed?
True.
List four possible causes of fatigue in Pilots?
- Mild Hypoxia.
- Physical Exertion.
- Dehydration.
- Excessive Caffeine.
- Poor Cockpit Design.
- Environmental Factors.
- Mental Stress.
List, in order, the four steps involved in human information processing?
- Sensation.
- Perception.
- Decision.
- Response.
What is another name for ‘short-term memory’?
Working Memory.
The reliability of our recall depends on how well information has been coded into our (STM/LTM)?
LTM.
One limitation of STM is that without constant rehearsal, information is forgotten within a very short time, within about (10 to 20 seconds/ 10 to 20 minutes)?
10 to 20 seconds.
True or False. Because motor skills acquisition is automatic, it does not require conscious monitoring?
False.
Visual images in our sensory memory last for about (1 minute/1 second)?
1 second.
Short-term memory is (subject to error/almost error-free)?
Almost error-free.
A person’s (attitude/personality) can be changed?
Attitude.
Pilots who think they are invulnerable are (more likely/less likely) to take risks?
More likely.
Pilots who frequently feel the need to do ‘something’, ‘anything’, immediately’, are said to have (an impulsive/ a complacent) attitude?
An Impulsive.
Pilots who do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them and tend to develop a resigned or ‘what’s the use’ attitude, (are/are not) usually effective in an emergency?
Are not.
Pilots who usually regards rules, regulations and procedures as silly or unnecessary and who do not like being told what to do, are said to have a (macho/anti-authoritarian) attitude?
Anti-authoritarian.
True or False. Pilots with a ‘macho’ attitude will try to prove themselves by taking risks to impress others?
True.
A pilot who accurately maintains a mental model of his/her environment and thinks ahead of the Aircraft is said to be (situationally aware/perceptive)?
Situationally aware.
True or False. An ‘error’ is an action or inaction by the Pilot-in-command that leads to a deviation from his/her intentions or expectations that reduces safety margins, and increases the probability of adverse operational events occurring?
True.
List the three classes of errors?
- Aircraft Handling Errors.
- Procedural Errors.
- Communication Errors.
True or False. TEM for Pilots is like defensive driving for motorists?
True.
The basis of (TEM/SA) is the continual monitoring of information (both visual and perceptive) of what is happening and what is likely to happen in the future?
SA.
Pilots need (effective SA/good eyesight) to anticipate and recognise threats as they occur?
Effective SA.
List three categories of countermeasures used to manage threats and errors in single-pilot operations?
- Planning Countermeasures.
- Execution Countermeasures.
- Review/Modify Countermeasures.
- Interpersonal Relationships.
Name three type of ‘execution countermeasures’ used in managing threats and errors in single-pilot operations?
- Do not become complacent.
- Double-check critical checklist items.
- Keep to standard operating procedures.
- Do not succumb to operational pitfalls.
An example of an (internal/external) threat to single-pilot operations is adverse weather conditions?
External.
A typical example of an internal threat to single-pilot operations might be (an unairworthy Aircraft/hazardous attitudes)?
Hazardous Attitudes.
A (threat/error) is defined as a situation or event that has the potential to impact negatively on the safety of a flight, or any influence that promotes opportunity for Pilot errors?
Threat.
(Threats/Errors) can be classified into three types, Aircraft handing, procedural and communication?
Errors.
Visual illusions, such as those likely to be experienced when approaching sloping Runways, would be classified as (anticipated/unexpected/latent) threats?
Latent.
True or False. An undesired Aircraft state (UAS) such as an unusual attitude, may result from the loss of directional control during a practice stall, an Aircraft handling error by the Pilot?
True.
Which is more important in returning an Aircraft to normal flight once an undesired Aircraft state is recognised:
a) To fixate on the error that may have initiated the undesired state?
b) To manage the undesired state by prioritising control of the Aircraft and using timely and correct remedial action?
B.
Assume that during single-pilot flight, you have a major system malfunction and at the same time, ATC requests traffic information. If you are correctly prioritising tasks, what do you deal with first? (ATC/System malfunction)?
System Malfunction.
