Chapter 8.6 - Exam Review

Question 1

The most common type of stress is (acute/chronic) and results from pressures occurring at a given time?

Answer 1

Acute.

Question 2

Give an example of when a low level of stress or under-arousal may equate to complacency or boredom in a Pilot which can be dangerous due to lack of attention?

Answer 2

During extended cruising flight in perfect weather.

Question 3

A Pilot’s performance will generally peak when stress is (moderate/high) and the state of arousal is (drowsy/alert)?

Answer 3

• Moderate.

- Alert.

Question 4

What happens to a Pilot’s performance as stress (arousal) levels increase to the point where panic sets in?

Answer 4

Performance rapidly deteriorates.

Question 5

Name four potential sources of stress at work?

Answer 5

• Peers.
• Management.
• Rostering/Scheduling.
• Career Uncertainty.
• Operational Issues.
• Training Courses.
• Flight Tests.

Question 6

True or False. Noise interferes with communication in the cockpit and can cause headache and fatigue on a long flight, thus impairing performance?

Answer 6

True.

Question 7

List three major life-based (psychological) stressors?

Answer 7

• Death/Sickness to Family.
• Career Uncertainty.
• Loss of Income.
• Conflict in Relationships.
• Change of Residence.

Question 8

The margin of safety is a term used in stress management – how is this defined?

Answer 8

The difference between a Pilot’s capabilities and the task requirements.

Question 9

When energy reserves in our body have been seriously depleted for some reason, we are said to be (stressed/fatigued)?

Answer 9

Fatigued.

Question 10

True or False. Like stress, the onset of fatigue can be a threat of safety because it can be insidious and go unnoticed?

Answer 10

True.

Question 11

List four possible causes of fatigue in Pilots?

Answer 11

• Mild Hypoxia.
• Physical Exertion.
• Dehydration.
• Excessive Caffeine.
• Poor Cockpit Design.
• Environmental Factors.
• Mental Stress.

Question 12

List, in order, the four steps involved in human information processing?

Answer 12

• Sensation.
• Perception.
• Decision.
• Response.

Question 13

What is another name for ‘short-term memory’?

Answer 13

Working Memory.

Question 14

The reliability of our recall depends on how well information has been coded into our (STM/LTM)?

Answer 14

LTM.

Question 15

One limitation of STM is that without constant rehearsal, information is forgotten within a very short time, within about (10 to 20 seconds/ 10 to 20 minutes)?

Answer 15

10 to 20 seconds.

Question 16

True or False. Because motor skills acquisition is automatic, it does not require conscious monitoring?

Answer 16

False.

Question 17

Visual images in our sensory memory last for about (1 minute/1 second)?

Answer 17

1 second.

Question 18

Short-term memory is (subject to error/almost error-free)?

Answer 18

Almost error-free.

Question 19

A person’s (attitude/personality) can be changed?

Answer 19

Attitude.

Question 20

Pilots who think they are invulnerable are (more likely/less likely) to take risks?

Answer 20

More likely.

Question 21

Pilots who frequently feel the need to do ‘something’, ‘anything’, immediately’, are said to have (an impulsive/ a complacent) attitude?

Answer 21

An Impulsive.

Question 22

Pilots who do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them and tend to develop a resigned or ‘what’s the use’ attitude, (are/are not) usually effective in an emergency?

Answer 22

Are not.

Question 23

Pilots who usually regards rules, regulations and procedures as silly or unnecessary and who do not like being told what to do, are said to have a (macho/anti-authoritarian) attitude?

Answer 23

Anti-authoritarian.

Question 24

True or False. Pilots with a ‘macho’ attitude will try to prove themselves by taking risks to impress others?

Answer 24

True.

Question 25

A pilot who accurately maintains a mental model of his/her environment and thinks ahead of the Aircraft is said to be (situationally aware/perceptive)?

Answer 25

Situationally aware.

Question 26

True or False. An ‘error’ is an action or inaction by the Pilot-in-command that leads to a deviation from his/her intentions or expectations that reduces safety margins, and increases the probability of adverse operational events occurring?

Answer 26

True.

Question 27

List the three classes of errors?

Answer 27

• Aircraft Handling Errors.
• Procedural Errors.
• Communication Errors.

Question 28

True or False. TEM for Pilots is like defensive driving for motorists?

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

The basis of (TEM/SA) is the continual monitoring of information (both visual and perceptive) of what is happening and what is likely to happen in the future?

Answer 29

SA.

Question 30

Pilots need (effective SA/good eyesight) to anticipate and recognise threats as they occur?

Answer 30

Effective SA.

Question 31

List three categories of countermeasures used to manage threats and errors in single-pilot operations?

Answer 31

• Planning Countermeasures.
• Execution Countermeasures.
• Review/Modify Countermeasures.
• Interpersonal Relationships.

Question 32

Name three type of ‘execution countermeasures’ used in managing threats and errors in single-pilot operations?

Answer 32

• Do not become complacent.
• Double-check critical checklist items.
• Keep to standard operating procedures.
• Do not succumb to operational pitfalls.

Question 33

An example of an (internal/external) threat to single-pilot operations is adverse weather conditions?

Answer 33

External.

Question 34

A typical example of an internal threat to single-pilot operations might be (an unairworthy Aircraft/hazardous attitudes)?

Answer 34

Hazardous Attitudes.

Question 35

A (threat/error) is defined as a situation or event that has the potential to impact negatively on the safety of a flight, or any influence that promotes opportunity for Pilot errors?

Answer 35

Threat.

Question 36

(Threats/Errors) can be classified into three types, Aircraft handing, procedural and communication?

Answer 36

Errors.

Question 37

Visual illusions, such as those likely to be experienced when approaching sloping Runways, would be classified as (anticipated/unexpected/latent) threats?

Answer 37

Latent.

Question 38

True or False. An undesired Aircraft state (UAS) such as an unusual attitude, may result from the loss of directional control during a practice stall, an Aircraft handling error by the Pilot?

Answer 38

True.

Question 39

Which is more important in returning an Aircraft to normal flight once an undesired Aircraft state is recognised:

a) To fixate on the error that may have initiated the undesired state?
b) To manage the undesired state by prioritising control of the Aircraft and using timely and correct remedial action?

Answer 39

B.

Question 40

Assume that during single-pilot flight, you have a major system malfunction and at the same time, ATC requests traffic information. If you are correctly prioritising tasks, what do you deal with first? (ATC/System malfunction)?

Answer 40

System Malfunction.