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Environmental Science > Chapter 8: Toxicology > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

health

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

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2
Q

disease

A

an abnormal change in the body’s condition that impairs physical or psychological function

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3
Q

what plays a role in morbidity and mortality?

A

diet and nutrition, infectious agents, toxic chemicals, genetics, trauma, and psychological stress

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4
Q

morbidity

A

illness

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5
Q

mortality

A

death

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6
Q

toxins

A

chemicals, smoking, lead

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7
Q

infectious agents

A

bacteria, protozoa, viruses

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8
Q

trauma

A

accidents

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9
Q

radiation

A

ultraviolet (sun), ioniziong

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10
Q

pollution

A

air, noise, water

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11
Q

life expectancy increases as

A

infant mortality decreases

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12
Q

disability-adjusted life years (dalys)

A

combine premature deaths and loss of healthy life resulting from illness or disability

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13
Q

heart disease

A

may become the leading source of disability and disease worldwide by 2020

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14
Q

global cancer

A

rates will increase by 50% by 2020

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15
Q

diabetes

A

increasing, 1/3 of children born in north america today will develop diabetes in their lifetime due to poor diet and little exercise

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16
Q

psychological conditions

A

increase their share of global disease burden from 10% currently to 15%, depression will be the second largest cause of years lived with disability, tobacco related lung disease, biggest cause of death worldwide

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17
Q

communicable diseases

A

still responsible for about 1/3 of all disease-related deaths. majority in countries with poor nutrition, sanitation, and vaccination

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18
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing organisms, including: viruses, bacteria, protozoans, parasitic worms including flukes

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19
Q

greatest loss of life in a single year from a pathogen

A

flu epidemic, h1n1, malaria

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20
Q

emergent disease

A

one never known before or one which has been absent for at least 20 years, bird flu, ebola fever, hiv

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21
Q

ecological diseases

A

animal epidemics

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22
Q

white nose syndrome

A

ecological disease, in bats due to fungus

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23
Q

california sea lions

A

ecological disease, herpes 1 virus spread to them from human sewage

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24
Q

dermo

A

ecological disease, parasite of oysters, spreading rapidly along the east coast due to climate warming

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25
conservation medicine
examines how environmental changes threaten the health of humans and natural communities
26
antibiotics
chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
27
antibiotic resistance
mutation and selection create drug resistant stains or conjugation transfers drug resistance from one strain to another
28
toxicology
study of poisons and their effects on living systems
29
toxic
known poisons that damage or kill cells/tissues, can be general or very specific, often harmful even in dilute concentrations
30
hazards
dangerous but not toxic, flammable, explosive, irritant, acid, caustic
31
ectotoxicology
interactions, transformation, fate, and effects of natural and synthetic chemicals in the biosphere
32
allergens
toxin, substances that activate the immune system
33
antigens
substances that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies, act indirectly by binding to other materials so they become antigenic
34
immune system depressants
toxin, pollutants that depress the immune system
35
endocrine disrupters
toxin, disrupt normal hormone functions
36
environmental estrogens
endocrine disrupters, environmental contaminants which cause reproductive problems in animals even at low doses
37
neurotoxin
toxin, metabolic poisons that specifically attack nerve cells; most are extremely toxic and fast acting
38
heavy metals
neurotoxin, kills nerve cells
39
anesthetics and chlorinated hydrocarbons
neurotoxin, disrupts nerve cell membranes
40
organophosphates and carbamates
inhibit signal transmission between nerve cells
41
mutagens
toxin, agents that damage or alter genetic material, can lead to birth defects or tumors
42
teratogens
toxin, specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development, alcohol-fetal alcohol syndrome
43
carcinogen
toxin, substances that cause cancer, cancer is 2nd leading cause of death, 1/2 males, 1/3 females in the US will have cancer
44
solubility
one of most important characteristics in determining the movement of a toxin, dissolve readily in water or oil
45
water soluble compounds
move rapidly through the environment and have ready access to cells via tissue fluid
46
fat soluble compounds
need a carrier to move through the environment, once inside the body they penetrate tissues easily and cross cell membranes. stored in body fat, persist for years
47
airborne toxins
generally call more illness than other exposures, lining of lungs easily absorb toxins
48
bioaccumulation
selective absorption and storage of toxins, dilute toxins in the environment can build to dangerous levels inside tissues
49
biomagnification
toxic burden of a large number of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated concentrated by a predator at a higher trophic level: DDT
50
flame retardants (PBDE)
found in humans and other species everywhere, harm children's reproductive and nervous systems, persistent organic pollutants
51
phthalates
found in plastics mimic estrogen and are linked to reproductive abnormalities and reduced fertility, persistent organic pollutant
52
antagonistic reaction
one material interferes with the effects or stimulates the breakdown, of other chemicals
53
additive reaction
effects of two chemical occurring together are added to one another
54
synergistic reaction
one substance exacerbates the effect of the other
55
metabolic degradation
in mammals, the liver is the primary site of detoxification of both natural and introduced poisons, sometimes harmless compounds are broken down into harmful products
56
excretion
breathing and urinating eliminate the effects of waste products and environmental toxins
57
tissues and organs often have mechanisms for damage repair ...
cellular reproduction, any irritating agent can be potentially carcinogenic because the more times that the cells divide the greater the chance they will mutate while copying DNA which can lead to cancer
58
animal testing
most commonly used and widely accepted toxicity test is to expose a population of laboratory animals to measured doses of specific toxins
59
LD50
dose at which 50% of the animal testing population dies
60
moderate toxin
takes about 1 g/kg of body weight to produce a lethal dose, very toxic materials require 10% of that amount, extremely toxic materials require 1%
61
acute effects
caused by a single exposure and results in an immediate health problem
62
chronic effects
long-lasting, perhaps permanent, can be result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses
63
delaney clause of the US food and drug act
"no reasonable harm" less than one cancer for every million people exposed over a lifetime, for addition of carcinogens to food and drugs
64
risk
possibility of suffering harm or loss
65
risk assessment
scientific process of estimating the threat that hazards pose to human health, not rational, risk identification, dose response assessment, exposure appraisal, risk characterization
66
risk acceptance
people tolerate high probability of an occurrence if the harm is low, great harm acceptable at very low frequency, 1/100,000 chance of dying is threshold for chancing behavior; environmental protection agency 1/1 million is acceptable for environmental hazards
67
in setting standards for health policy consider...
combined effects of exposure, different sensitivities, effects of chronic and acute exposure

Environmental Science (7 decks)

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