chapter 13: Restoration Ecology

Question 1

ecological restoration

Answer 1

to reverse degradation and restore native ecosystem, to original condition is rarely possible, involves a compromise between ideal goals and pragmatic achievable goals

Question 2

rehabilitation

Answer 2

repairing ecosystem function, but not to original condition (may be similar to the original community or an entirely different community)

Question 3

reintroduction

Answer 3

transplanting organisms from an external source to a site where they have been previously reduced/eliminated

Question 4

remediation

Answer 4

using chemical, physical, or biological methods to remove pollution while causing as little disruption as possible

Question 5

reclamation

Answer 5

employs stronger, more extreme techniques to clean up severe pollution or create a newly functioning ecosystem on a seriously degraded or barren site

Question 6

mitigation

Answer 6

compensation for destroying a site by purchasing or creating one of more or less equal ecological value somewhere else

Question 7

restoration draws on principles from..

Answer 7

ecology, hydrology, chemistry, and soil science

Question 8

restoration projects common elements..

Answer 8

removing physical stressors, controlling invasive species, replanting, captive breeding and reestablishing fauna, monitoring

Question 9

gifford pinchot

Answer 9

first head of the US forest service, pioneer in resource management, promoted science-based management of trees as a commercial resource for logging

Question 10

aldo leopold

Answer 10

pioneer in restoration ecology with theories of game management, conservation, and land restoration. he wrote a land ethic stating that responsible land stewardship meant the land was capable of self renewal

Question 11

vermont law

Answer 11

requires consulting a professional forester and developing a plan before cutting forested areas

Question 12

bermuda cahow bird

Answer 12

thought to be extinct by 1600s but in 1951, 18 nesting pairs were discovered, protection program put inplace

Question 13

protection programs

Answer 13

remove invasive species, reintroducing native vegetation, creating nesting burrows, and protecting against predators

Question 14

restoring forest results

Answer 14

creates momoculture, doesnt have complexity of natural forest, provide ground cover, habitats, and lumber; example in Rwanda which saved the mountain gorilla

Question 15

trees provide

Answer 15

better air quality, shade for cooling, wildlife habitat

Question 16

oak savanna

Answer 16

forest with scattered open grown trees where the canopy covers 10% to 50% of area and the ground has grasses and flowering plants, fire-adapted bur oak, maintained by fire

Question 17

natural area rating index

Answer 17

measures frequency of native species associated with a high quality community, shows that native species are rising in somme prairie grove restoration

Question 18

role of fire

Answer 18

key factor in maintaining/restoring many forest types, allow natural fires to burn, some fires prescribed to protect certain plants, also help praires

Question 19

who discovered fire was essential?

Answer 19

aldo leopold, when recreating tallgrass prairie, kills weeds, removes soil nitrogen

Question 20

wetlands and streams provide

Answer 20

ecological services including hydrologic cycle, food and habitat for a variery of species, coastal wetlands absorb storm surge

Question 21

clean water act

Answer 21

began protecting streams and wetlands from pollution discharge

Question 22

farm bill

Answer 22

blocked agricultural subsidies to farmers who damaged wetlands

Question 23

no net loss policy

Answer 23

swamps are being drained and replaced by small ponds

Question 24

dry seasons caused by

Answer 24

draining the everglades

Question 25

plans to remove levees

Answer 25

restoring natural course of rivers and save water in underground aquifers for later use (controlling flooding)

Question 26

chesapeake bay

Answer 26

americas largest and richest estuary, 2700 species spend all or part of their lives in/near the bay, suffers from pollution and poor water quality

Question 27

damage to chesapeake bay due to

Answer 27

over fishing, sewage discharge, silt from erosion, heavy metals from industry, pesticides and herbicides, oil spills

Question 28

wetland mitigation

Answer 28

required when development destroys a natural wetland but it often does not replace native species and ecological functions

Question 29

artificial wetlands

Answer 29

used to treat sewage and collect storm runoff in wetlands

Question 30

streams threatened

Answer 30

threatened by pollution, toxins, invasive organisms, and erosion; have been turned into cement channels and buried underground

Question 31

streams rebuilt

Answer 31

reduce sediment entering streams by adding ground cover, redirect water with earth-moving equipment or barriers to deflect current, provide habitat, stabilize banks having no more than 45 degree slope

Question 32

bioremediation

Answer 32

using living organisms to remove toxins, some plants remove soil toxins, bacteria remove toxins from water

Question 33

reclamation

Answer 33

repairing of human-damaged lands

Question 34

surface mining control and reclamation act

Answer 34

requires mine operators to restore the shape of the land to its original contour and re-vegetate it to minimize impacts on local surface and groundwater

Question 35

some of the largest stip mine

Answer 35

berkely mine pit in butte, montana