chapter 12: Biodiversity

Question 1

forests

Answer 1

30% of the worlds land, an area where trees cover more than 10% of the land,

Question 2

grasslands

Answer 2

1/4 of worlds land, converted to cropland, urban areas, disturbance 3 times that of tropical rain forest, threatened in rangelands than any other american biome, grazing (leads to desertification)

Question 3

largest remaining areas of forest

Answer 3

cold, high latitude areas and humid equatorial areas

Question 4

largest tropical forest

Answer 4

south america, 22% of worlds forest and largest undisturbed tropical rain forest

Question 5

boreal forests

Answer 5

north america and eurasia have vast amount of undisturbed boreal forests

Question 6

primary forests

Answer 6

old growth forests, composed of primarily of native species in which there is little indication of human activity and ecological processes are not significantly disturbed, 1/3 of worlds forests, 80% are experiencing unsustainable logging rates, at current deforestation rates, no forests will be left outside parks by the end of this century

Question 7

successful reforestation programs

Answer 7

exist in china, korea, and japan

Question 8

tropical forests

Answer 8

contain half of all plant, animal, and microbial species on earth

Question 9

cause for deforestation

Answer 9

conversion of forest to agriculture, large scale commercial logging, fires, biofuel

Question 10

forest protection

Answer 10

some places are being reforested, 12% are protected

Question 11

brazil

Answer 11

leader in establishing forest reserves and allows traditional peoples to engage in non-destructive extraction of resources in the forest, people are protecting local forests

Question 12

debt for nature swaps

Answer 12

conservation organizations buy debt obligations, then offer to cancel the debt if debtor country protects biologically important areas

Question 13

threats to temperate forest

Answer 13

climate change, insect threats and wildfires, rising global temperatures trigger droughts which make trees more vulnerable to insect infestations and fires

Question 14

fire-adapted communities

Answer 14

some biological communities require periodic burning for regeneration

Question 15

ecosystem management

Answer 15

attempts to integrate sustainable ecological, economic, and social goals in a unified systems approach across landscapes over ecological time scales, considering human needs and sustainable economic development, maintaining diversity and ecosystem processes, adapt management over time through conscious experiment and monioring

Question 16

overgrazing

Answer 16

grazing fees charged for use of public lands are below market value and represent a hidden subsidy to ranchers

Question 17

rotational grazing

Answer 17

confines animals to small area for a day or two before shifting them to a new location

Question 18

parks and preserves

Answer 18

12% of earth’s land is protected, some parks only exist on paper due to lack of funding

Question 19

preserves not safe from exploitation

Answer 19

excessive stock grazing, dam building, oil drilling, mining, logging, coral reefs damaged by dynamite fishing, hunting; eggs from endangered sea turtles are taken by hunters, overuse by public

Question 20

overuse of national park

Answer 20

entertainment over nature protection, fire suppression resulted in large fires, traffic congestion, surrounding areas mined or cleared, air pollution and smog, parks are profitable but do not keep money earned

Question 21

world conservation strategy

Answer 21

developed by IUCN, maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems; preserve genetic diversity essential to improving cultivated plants and domestic animals; ensure utilization of wild species and ecosystems is sustainable

Question 22

___% of nearshore territory should be marine refuge area

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

90% of coral reefs are threatened by…

Answer 23

rising temperatures. destructive fishing, coral mining, and sediment runoff, if continues all will be gone in 50 years

Question 24

largest marine reserve

Answer 24

the great barrier reef marine park in australia

Question 25

marine reserves make up…

Answer 25

10% of the worlds protected areas even though oceans cover 70% of earth’s surface

Question 26

ecotourism

Answer 26

tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable; native people have valuable knowledge to offer

Question 27

man and biosphere program

Answer 27

calls for establishment of biosphere reserves, protected areas divided into zones with different purposes

Question 28

size and design of nature preserves

Answer 28

large preserves are considered better than small reserves because they have more core habitat, smaller/isolated habitats support fewer species

Question 29

core habitat

Answer 29

area deep within the interior of the habit that has better conditions for specialized species

Question 30

landscape ecology

Answer 30

science that examines the relationship between spatial patterns and ecological processes such as species movement or survival depending on habitat size, shape, core and edge, kinds of land cover surrounding