chapter 11: Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

genetic diversity

A

measures variety of different versions of same genes within a species

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2
Q

species diversity

A

measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community

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3
Q

ecological diversity

A

measures richness and complexity of a community

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4
Q

species richness

A

total number of species in a community

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5
Q

species evenness

A

relative abundance of individuals within each species

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6
Q

reproductive isolation

A

organisms that breed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

emphasizes the branches on a taxonomic tree (cladistic relationships)

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8
Q

evolutionary species concept

A

defines species in terms of evolution and historic times

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9
Q

DNA sequencing and molecular techniques give insight to…

A

taxonomic and evolutionary relationships

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10
Q

genome

A

total DNA sequence that characterizes a species

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11
Q

how many species are there?

A

1.7 million identified, range 3-50 million total, 4-6 million just insects, 65% invertebrates

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12
Q

biodiversity hotspots

A

tropical rainforests and coral reefs, 34 total, (1.4% world’s land area) contain 75% of world’s most threatened mammals, birds and amphibians

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13
Q

food benefits of biodiversity

A

wild plants could provide new sources of food or more genetic diversity for existing crops

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14
Q

benefits of biodiversity medically

A

more than half all modern medicines contain some natural product from a wild species

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15
Q

biopiracy

A

resources often extracted without compensation or sharing profits or incentive to preserve native species

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16
Q

ecological benefits of biodiversity

A

soil formation, waste disposal, are and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy absorption, and biogeochemical and hydriological cycles all depend on biodiversity

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17
Q

aesthetic and cultural benefits biodiversity

A

hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, etc. americans spend $104 billion wildlife related activities every year, ecotourism important form of sustainable economic development, existence value

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18
Q

extinction

A

the elimination of species on earth, threat to biodiversity

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19
Q

natural extinction

A

in undisturbed ecosystems, the background rate appears to be one species per decade, threat to biodiversity

20
Q

human impact on natural extinction rate

A

increased the rate by 100 to 1000 times, half of primates, one quarter of all bird species could go extinct within 50 years

21
Q

HIPPO

A

human caused reduction in biodiversity, habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population, overharvesting

22
Q

biggest reasons for increase in extinction

A

habitat loss due to conversion to forest farmland, cities; habitat is fragmented into small, scattered plots; due to mining,. dams, destructive fishing practices

23
Q

invasive species

A

(intentionally or accidentally introduced) thrive in new territory where they are free of usual predators, diseases, or resource limitations, 50,000 non-native species are established in US and 4,500 are free-lining, 15% cause environmental damage

24
Q

Invasive Species

A

Barred Owl, Eurasian Milfoil, Kudzu, Emerald Ash Borer, Bighead Carp, Chestnut Blight

25
Pollution
pesticides, lead
26
population
human population growth and resource use
27
overharvesting
passenger pigeon, all major fish expected to collapse within 50 years if current trends continue, bushmeat trade
28
endangered species management proved successful for...
white tailed deer, wild turkey, snowy egret
29
endangered species
considered in imminent danger of extinction
30
threatened species
likely to become endangered, at least locally, in the near future
31
vulnerable species
those that are naturally rare or have been locally depleted to a level that puts them at risk
32
endangered species act
regulates a wide range of activities involving endangered species: taking, selling, possessing, transporting, shipping, importing/exporting into US
33
USFWS
required to propose a recovery plan detailing the rebuilding of the species to sustainable levels, works with HCP with private landowners to make sure landowners do not harm endangered species
34
keystone species
species has major effect on other members of community (bison)
35
indicator species
tied to specific communities of successional stages (brook trout)
36
umbrella species
require large blocks of undisturbed habitat (northern spotted owl)
37
flagship species
attractive organisms to which people emotionally react (giant panda)
38
recovery successes
bald eagle, peregrine falcons, and whooping crane
39
private property
80% of habitats for more than half of all the listed endangered species
40
gap analysis
seeks out unprotected landscapes rich in species
41
Grumbine's principles for habitat protection
protect enough habitat for viability of all native species, manage at regional scale large enough to accommodate natural disturbances, plan over a period of centuries for evolution of the ecosystem, all for human use at level that doesnt result in significant degradation
42
convention on international trade in endangered species (cities)
regulates trade in living specimens and products derived from listed species, currently lists 700 species threatened with extinction by international trade
43
captive breeding
breeding in zoos and botanical gardens are one method of saving threatened species, provide reintroduction programs, but many species do not reproduce in captivity
44
successful captive breed
NeNe, the hawaiian goose, and the white rhino
45
issues with captive breeding
limited space in zoos, natural habitat may disappear in the process of saving the species, continual inbreeding may lead to infertility and low infant survival