Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

What the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?

Answer 1

1. Clavicle (collarbone): s-shaped (media convex; lateral concave)
   - The sternal end (medial) is rounded and attaches to the sternum
   - The acromial end (lateral) is broad & flat and attaches with the scapula
2. Scapula (shoulder blade): triangular flat bone situation between 2-7th rib

Question 2

Define the principal markings of the scapula:

spine 
acromion 
glenoid cavity 
super, lateral, and medial bored 
superior and inferior angles 
scapular notch 
coracoid process 
supraspinous fossa 
Infrasponous fossa 
subscaular fossa

Answer 2

spine: a ridge thun runs diagonally across the posterior surface and the lateral end projects to the acromion (high point of shoulder)

glenoid cavity: articulates with head of humerus

superior, lateral, and medial border: the borders of the entire scale (cover the circumference) they connect at the superior and inferior angles

scapular notch: prominent indendentation along the superior border

coracoid process: tends of muscles and ligaments attach

supraspinous, infrasponous, and subscaluar fossa are all attachment sites for their corresponding muscles (that have the same name)

Question 3

List the bones in the upper limb (extremity)

Answer 3

humerus in arm 
ulna & radius in forearm 
carapaces in carpus (Wrist 
metacarpal in metacarpus 
phalanges in hand

Question 4

Describe the surface landmarks of the humorous (the following is from superior to inferior)

Head 
Anatomical neck 
Greater & lesser tubercle 
Surgical neck 
Shaft 
Capitulum 
trochlea 
coronoid & olecranon fossa
medial & lateral epicondyle

Answer 4

*Head: attaches to scapula and forms the gelnohumeral joint

Anatomical neck

Greater & lesser tubercle: two projections with an inter tubercular sulcus in between

Surgical neck: head tapes to shaft

Shaft: becomes triangular until flattened distally

• Capitulum: most distal aspect that articulates with head of radius
• trochlea: articulates with the ulna

coronoid (flexed) & olecranon (extended) fossa: receives their corresponding processes from ulna

medial & lateral epicondyle: rough projections where tends of forearms attach

Question 5

Describe the following surface markings of the ulna (in order from superior to inferior)

Olecranon
trochlear notch
ulnar tuberosity
styloid process

Answer 5

Olecranon: forms prominence of elbow

trochlear notch: curved area between olecranon & coronoid process that forms the elbow joint

ulnar tuberosity: bicep muscles attach

styloid process on either side of distal head that provides attachment for ligaments

Question 6

Describe the following surface markings of the radius (in order from superior to inferior)

Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process

Answer 6

Head: disc-shaped that articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna

Radial tuberosity: tendons of bicep attach

Styloid process: ligement attachement

Articulates with wrist at the radoiocarpal joint

Question 7

Which bone is bigger: ulna or radius?

Answer 7

Radius (thumb) is thicker but ulna (pinky) is longer

Question 8

What are the names of the 8 carpals?

Answer 8

Proximal row (Stop Letting Those People): scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Distal row (Touch The Cadavers Hands): trapezium, trapezoid, capitulate, hamate

Question 9

Describe the structure of a metacarpal and its organization

Answer 9

Each bone consists of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal head

They are numbered 1-5 (I-V) starting laterally (at the thumb)

Question 10

Describe the structure of a phalange and its organization

Answer 10

Each phalanx consist of a base, shaft, and head

All have 3 bones except for the thumb (pollex) which has 2 - totalling 14 per hand

Question 11

The pelvic girdle consists of 2 hip/coxal bones which unite anteriorly at the ______ and posteriorly at the __________

Answer 11

pubic symphysis; sacroiliac joint

Question 12

Define bony pelvis

Answer 12

the complete ring of hip bone, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx forms a basin-like structure

Question 13

The allium, inferior & interior pbulis, and inferior and posterior ischium are all ________ bones

Answer 13

hip

Question 14

Define acetabulum (located in illium)

Answer 14

Socket for the femur

Question 15

True vs. False Pelvis

Answer 15

The pelvis greater than the pelvic brim is the greater (false pelvis)

The pelvis lower than the pelvic brim is the lesser (true pelvis)

Question 16

pelvic inlet vs. pelvic outlet

Answer 16

The pelvic inlet is the superior opening of the true pelvis (surrounded by the pelvic brim)

The pelvic outlet is the is the inferior opening

Question 17

What are the pricipal structural differences between women and mens pelvis?

Answer 17

Women: light and thin, more shallow false pelvis and a wide and narrow brim

Men: heavy and thick, deep false pelvis, and narrow and heart shaped brim

Question 18

A break in the hip is most likely to occur where?

Answer 18

The neck of the fermur that is directly distal to the head (that joins hip at acetabulum)

Question 19

What is the purpose of the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 19

They are projections that provide SA for attachment of thigh and buttocks muscles

Question 20

What is the purpose of the gluteal tuberosity and lines aspera of the femur?

Answer 20

Gluteal tuberoisty (superior to shaft) and linea aspera (ridge down shaft) are attachment sites for tendons

Question 21

Where does the femur articulate with the tibia and fibula?

Answer 21

The lateral and medial condyles to form the tibofemeral joint

It does not articulate with the tibia

Question 22

What is the patella?

Answer 22

It is a sesamoid bone that articulates with the lateral and medial condyles if the femur and the tibia

Question 23

Out of the tibia and fibula which one is the weight bearing bone?

Answer 23

The tibia (shin bone)

Question 24

What is the tibial tuberosity?

Answer 24

A projection that provides attachment for patellar ligaments

Question 25

What is the medial malus (on tibia)?

Answer 25

Where the tibia articulates with the talus of the ankle

Question 26

What is the purpose of the fibula ?

Answer 26

It doesn’t articulate with the femur but stabilizes the ankle joint

The distal end is arrow shaped with a projection called the lateral malus that articulates with the talus

Question 27

List the names of the tarsal bones

Answer 27

Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Third Cuneifrom
Second Cuneifrom
First Cuneifrom
uboid

Question 28

How are the metatarsal bones categorized?

Answer 28

They are numbered 1-5 (I-V) beginning medially and the hallux side

Question 29

How and phalanges categorized?

Answer 29

Each toe has 3 bones: proximal, middle distal

Except for the hallux which has 2 heavy proximal and distal

Question 30

The longitudinal vs. transverse arch of the foot

Answer 30

Longitudinal consists of 2 parts:
1. Medial longitudinal: runs down the centre of foot gives it an arch

2. Lateral longitudinal: pinky side of the foot

Transferse arch: runs sideways through the middle of your foot