Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
What the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?
- Clavicle (collarbone): s-shaped (media convex; lateral concave)
- The sternal end (medial) is rounded and attaches to the sternum
- The acromial end (lateral) is broad & flat and attaches with the scapula - Scapula (shoulder blade): triangular flat bone situation between 2-7th rib
Define the principal markings of the scapula:
spine acromion glenoid cavity super, lateral, and medial bored superior and inferior angles scapular notch coracoid process supraspinous fossa Infrasponous fossa subscaular fossa
spine: a ridge thun runs diagonally across the posterior surface and the lateral end projects to the acromion (high point of shoulder)
glenoid cavity: articulates with head of humerus
superior, lateral, and medial border: the borders of the entire scale (cover the circumference) they connect at the superior and inferior angles
scapular notch: prominent indendentation along the superior border
coracoid process: tends of muscles and ligaments attach
supraspinous, infrasponous, and subscaluar fossa are all attachment sites for their corresponding muscles (that have the same name)
List the bones in the upper limb (extremity)
humerus in arm ulna & radius in forearm carapaces in carpus (Wrist metacarpal in metacarpus phalanges in hand
Describe the surface landmarks of the humorous (the following is from superior to inferior)
Head Anatomical neck Greater & lesser tubercle Surgical neck Shaft Capitulum trochlea coronoid & olecranon fossa medial & lateral epicondyle
*Head: attaches to scapula and forms the gelnohumeral joint
Anatomical neck
Greater & lesser tubercle: two projections with an inter tubercular sulcus in between
Surgical neck: head tapes to shaft
Shaft: becomes triangular until flattened distally
- Capitulum: most distal aspect that articulates with head of radius
- trochlea: articulates with the ulna
coronoid (flexed) & olecranon (extended) fossa: receives their corresponding processes from ulna
medial & lateral epicondyle: rough projections where tends of forearms attach
Describe the following surface markings of the ulna (in order from superior to inferior)
Olecranon
trochlear notch
ulnar tuberosity
styloid process
Olecranon: forms prominence of elbow
trochlear notch: curved area between olecranon & coronoid process that forms the elbow joint
ulnar tuberosity: bicep muscles attach
styloid process on either side of distal head that provides attachment for ligaments
Describe the following surface markings of the radius (in order from superior to inferior)
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process
Head: disc-shaped that articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
Radial tuberosity: tendons of bicep attach
Styloid process: ligement attachement
Articulates with wrist at the radoiocarpal joint
Which bone is bigger: ulna or radius?
Radius (thumb) is thicker but ulna (pinky) is longer
What are the names of the 8 carpals?
Proximal row (Stop Letting Those People): scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row (Touch The Cadavers Hands): trapezium, trapezoid, capitulate, hamate
Describe the structure of a metacarpal and its organization
Each bone consists of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal head
They are numbered 1-5 (I-V) starting laterally (at the thumb)
Describe the structure of a phalange and its organization
Each phalanx consist of a base, shaft, and head
All have 3 bones except for the thumb (pollex) which has 2 - totalling 14 per hand
The pelvic girdle consists of 2 hip/coxal bones which unite anteriorly at the ______ and posteriorly at the __________
pubic symphysis; sacroiliac joint
Define bony pelvis
the complete ring of hip bone, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx forms a basin-like structure
The allium, inferior & interior pbulis, and inferior and posterior ischium are all ________ bones
hip
Define acetabulum (located in illium)
Socket for the femur
True vs. False Pelvis
The pelvis greater than the pelvic brim is the greater (false pelvis)
The pelvis lower than the pelvic brim is the lesser (true pelvis)
pelvic inlet vs. pelvic outlet
The pelvic inlet is the superior opening of the true pelvis (surrounded by the pelvic brim)
The pelvic outlet is the is the inferior opening
What are the pricipal structural differences between women and mens pelvis?
Women: light and thin, more shallow false pelvis and a wide and narrow brim
Men: heavy and thick, deep false pelvis, and narrow and heart shaped brim
A break in the hip is most likely to occur where?
The neck of the fermur that is directly distal to the head (that joins hip at acetabulum)
What is the purpose of the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur?
They are projections that provide SA for attachment of thigh and buttocks muscles
What is the purpose of the gluteal tuberosity and lines aspera of the femur?
Gluteal tuberoisty (superior to shaft) and linea aspera (ridge down shaft) are attachment sites for tendons
Where does the femur articulate with the tibia and fibula?
The lateral and medial condyles to form the tibofemeral joint
It does not articulate with the tibia
What is the patella?
It is a sesamoid bone that articulates with the lateral and medial condyles if the femur and the tibia
Out of the tibia and fibula which one is the weight bearing bone?
The tibia (shin bone)
What is the tibial tuberosity?
A projection that provides attachment for patellar ligaments
What is the medial malus (on tibia)?
Where the tibia articulates with the talus of the ankle
What is the purpose of the fibula ?
It doesn’t articulate with the femur but stabilizes the ankle joint
The distal end is arrow shaped with a projection called the lateral malus that articulates with the talus
List the names of the tarsal bones
Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Third Cuneifrom Second Cuneifrom First Cuneifrom uboid
How are the metatarsal bones categorized?
They are numbered 1-5 (I-V) beginning medially and the hallux side
How and phalanges categorized?
Each toe has 3 bones: proximal, middle distal
Except for the hallux which has 2 heavy proximal and distal
The longitudinal vs. transverse arch of the foot
Longitudinal consists of 2 parts:
1. Medial longitudinal: runs down the centre of foot gives it an arch
- Lateral longitudinal: pinky side of the foot
Transferse arch: runs sideways through the middle of your foot
