Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
Axial vs appendicular divisions of the skeleton
Axial: bones in the axis of the body (vertical line that runs through the centre (skull, hyoid, auditory, spine, thorax)
Appendicular skeleton: bones of the extremities
How many bones are in the human body? How are they divided between the axial and appendicular skeleton
206 in total
80 in the axial, 126 is in the appendicular
All bones in the body can be classified in 5 main types based on their shape. List them.
- Long bone: consist of mostly compact bone
- Short bone: cube-is shaped and consist of spongy bone
- Flat bone: afford protection and provide SA for muscle attachment
- Irregular bone: complex shapes that vary in spongy and compact bone
- Sesamoid bone: develop in certain tendons where there is considering friction/tension
Define sutral bone
classified by location rather than shape - they re small bones in joins between cranial bones
Describe the major surface marking for the following depressions/openings:
Fissure Foramen Fossa Sulcus Meatus
Fissure: narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones which nerve/blood vessels pass
Foramen: opening though which blood vessels/nerves/ligaments pass
Fossa: shallow depression
Sulcus: furrow along bone surface that accompanies a vessel/nerve/tendon
Meatus: tubelike opening
Describe the major surface marking for the following processes (projections/outgrowths) that form joints:
Condyle
Facet
Head
Condyle: large, round protuberance with a smooth arituclar surface at the end
Facet: smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
Head: rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone
Describe the major surface marking the following processes (projections/outgrowths) that form attachment points:
Crest Epicondyle Line Spinous process Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity
Crest: ridge or projection
Epicondyle: roughened projection above condyle
Line: narrow ridge/border
Spinous process: sharp, slender projection
Trochanter: large projection
Tubercle: rounded projection
Tuberosity: variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
The cranial bones form the cranial cavity which encloses and protects the brian. Which of the following bones is NOT a cranial bone:
A) frontal bone B) sphenoid bone C) superior nasal conchae D) occipital bone E) Ethmoid bone F) lacrimal bone
F) lacrimal bone
The supraorbital margin, foramen, notch and frontal sinus are components of which cranial bone?
Frontal bone
Subraorbinal margin
located at the superior border of the orbits (eye sockets) where the frontal bone thickens
Supraorbital foramen
Notch above the orbits that allows passage of supraorbal nerve and artery
The parietal bone:
a) forms the forehead
b) forms the inferior lateral aspects of cranium at the base
c) forms the greater portions of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
d) forms the posterior part and base of the cranium
c) forms the greater portions of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
The temporal bone:
a) forms the forehead
b) forms the inferior lateral aspects of cranium at the base
c) forms the greater portions of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
d) forms the posterior part and base of the cranium
b) forms the inferior lateral aspects of cranium at the base
Zygomatic process
Articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic (cheek) bone) to form the zygomatic arch
Mandibular fossa (socket)
located on the zygomatic process which articulates with mandible (TMJ) (temporal)
What is the function of the styloid process?
serves as a point of attachment for muscles of the tongue and neck
located in the temporal bone
Internal vs external auditory meatus
Internal: opening through with the facial and vestibular nerves pass
External: ear canal
The mandibular foam, mastoid, zygomatic arch, and internal/extenral meatus are found in which cranial bone:
a) temporal bone
b) frontal bone
c) occipital bone
d) sphenoid bone
a) temporal bone
The foramen magnum, condole, and occipital protuberance are located in which facial bone
a) temporal bone
b) frontal bone
c) occipital bone
d) sphenoid bone
c) occipital bone
The _____ condyles are oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum (inferior part of bone) that allow you to nod your head yes or no
occipital
The ______ bone lies at the middle part of the base of the skill called the keystone cranial floor because it articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together
sphenoid
The sella turcica and optic foramen are located in which cranial bone?
Sphenoid bone
Define ethmoid bone
Delicate bone located in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits and is spongelike in appearance
found between your eyes - separates the nasal cavity
What are the superior and nasal conchae?
They are ethmoidal sinuses - located on either side of the nose bridge
List the 14 facial bones
My Mandible Chews Nine Very Large Zucchini Pizzas
nasal bones (2) lacrimal bones (2) palatine bones (2) Conchae (2) vomer maxillae (2) zygomatic bones (2) mandible
My Mandible Chews Nine Very Large Zucchini Pizzas
List the 8 cranial bones
Eight Ossosses Parts Form The Skull
Eight Ossosses Parts Form The Skull
Frontal Sphenoid Temporal (2) Ethmoid Occipital Parietal (2)
What are lacrima fossa? where are they located?
located within the lacrimal bones - a tunnel that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity
List the anatomic distribution of mandibular fractures
I got hit by CASBAR Corona
C - condyle A - angle S - symphysis B - body A - alveolar process R - ramus C - coronoid process
The skull is an immovable joint that hold most skull bones together. List the 4 prominent sutures
Coronal (headband)
Sagittal (midline)
Lambdoid (back of the head)
Sqamous (2) (sides of the head)
What are paranasal sinuses?
Cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membranes
________ aka ‘soft spots’ are areas were unossified mesenchyme developed into the dense connective tissues of the skull
Fontanels
The ________ bone consists of lesser and greater horns and and supports the tongue
hyoid
What is the curvature and distribution of the vertebrae column?
Cervical (7) and lumber (5) curves are convex (bulges out towards front)
Thoracic (12) and sacral (5) curves are concave (bulges back)
Invertebral discs has an outer ring called the annulus fibrous and an inner portion called the nucleus pulpous.
What happens to this as we age?
Hardens and becomes less elastic
Describe the following parts of a vertebrae:
Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral canal
Vertebral body: anterior disc-shaped weight bearing part
Vertebral arch: posterior bone that attaches to body to surround vertebral foramen (spinal cord)
Vertebral canal: the foramen of all vertebrae
Transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes all arise from which part of the vertebrae:
a) Vertebral body
b) Vertebral arch
c) Vertebral foramen
b) Vertebral arch
Where are in the vertebral column is the atlas and axis found? How are these two vertebrae unique?
Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are found in the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
The atlas lacks a spinous process and the axis does not have a body and instead is peg-like (called a dens) to pivot allowing the head to rotate
Where are in the vertebral column are vertebrocostal joints found?
Found in the Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) (they indicate joints with the ribs)
Which region of the vertebral column has the largest and strongest bones?
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) as they support a lot of weight
Which region of the vertebral column is triangular and does not begin fusing until age 16-18?
The sacrum (S1-S5)
Define sternum and list its 3 parts
Sternum - breastbone located at centre of the anterior thoracic wall. consists of:
- Manubrium - middle (above the body) and has suprasternal and clavicular notch for attachment
- Body - large middle part that all ribs attach to
- Xiphoid process - inferior part that abdominal muscles attach to
The manubrium and body form a junction at the _______ angle
sternal
Differentiate between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs
True ribs (1-7): have direct anterior attachment to sternum False ribs (8-12): costal cartilage attaches indirectly or not at all Floating ribs (11-12) costal cartilage and anterior ends do not attach to sternum at all, only attach posteriorly
Describe the following typical parts of ribs 3-9:
Head
Neck
Costal angle
Costal groove
Head: projection at posterior end that contains a pair of articular facets
Neck: constricted portion of rib lateral to head with knoblike structure called a tubercle
Costal angle: abrupt change in curvature of the shaft
Costal groove: inner surface of rib that has a groove to protect nerves and blood vessels
Describe a herniated disc
If discs become injured or weakened, the pressure developed in the nucleus pulposos may be great enough to rupture the surrounding fibrocartilage
If this occurs the nucleus pupous may herniate posteriorly into one the the adjacent vertebral bodies, known as a herniated disc
Scoliosisi, kyphosis, and lordosis are all examples of what type of disorder?
Abnormal curves of the vertebral column
Define spina bifida
congenital defect of the verterbrael columb in which laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and unite at the midline
