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BIO 235 Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - Tissue Level > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissue Level Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define histology

A

Study of science that deals with tissues - a group of cells that usually has a common roofing in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of body tissues?

A

Epithelial: covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts

Connective: protects and supports the body and its organs

Muscular: specialized from contraction and generation of forces which generates heat that warms the body

Nervous: detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating APs that activate contractions and glandular secretions

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3
Q

What are cell junctions? Describe the 5 principal types

A

Cell junctions are contact points between membranes of tissue cells; 5 important types:

Tight: web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent membranes to seal off passageways between them

Adherens: contain plaque (dense layer of proteins) that attaches to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of cytoskeleton; help resist separation during contraction

Desmosomes: Contain plaque and also have transmembrane glycoproteins that extend into the IC space to attach cells to one another; plaque attaches to cytoskeleton via intermediate filaments

Hemidesmones: Resemble desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells - they anchor cells to a basement membrane

Gap: connexion proteins (fluid-filled tunnels) connect neighbouring cells

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4
Q

Epithelial vs. connective tissues

A

Epithelial cells lack blood vessels and form surface layers that are always adjacent to blood rich connective tissue

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5
Q

Describe the general features of epithelial tissue, including the various surfaces & their functions

A

Epithelial tissue (epithelium) consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets that are closely packed and held together by cell junctions

The apical (free surface) faces the body surface, body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an organ, or a tubular duct

The lateral surface face the adjacent cells on either side

Basal surfaces are opposite of apical - they face deep such as the basement membrane

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6
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A thin EC layer that attaches to and supports the overlying epithelial tissue and forms a surface where cells migrate during growth/healing; restricts passageway between E and C tissues; and filtrates blood

It consists of the basal lamina (closet to basal surface) and the reticular lamina

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7
Q

Covering & lining epithelium vs. Glandular epithelium

A

These are the 2 division of epithelial cells

Covering & lining: forms the outer covering of skin and internal organs

Glandular: forms the secreting portion of glands

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8
Q

Describe how epithelial tissues are classified (two characteristics)

A
  1. Arrangement of cells in layers:

Simple: single layer that rests on basement membrane

Pseudostratified: single layer that rests on basement membrane, however appears to be multiple layers as cells are not level

Stratified epithelium: 2+ layers of cells

  1. Cell shapes:

Squamous: thin
Cuboidal: cube-like
Columnar: column-like
Transitional cells: change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back

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9
Q

Describe the location and function of each type of epithelium:

Simple:

  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar (ciliated vs. non-ciliated)
  • Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated vs. non-ciliated)

Stratified:

  • Stratified squamous (keratinized vs. nonkeratinized)
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Stratified columnar
  • Transitional
A

Simple squamous: lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system and forms the serous membrane for filtration, diffusion and secretion

Simple cuboidal: ovary, eye, and kidney tubules for secretion and absorption

Simple columnar

  • Noncilitated: found in GI tract for secretion and absorption
  • Ciliated: found in reparatory, uterine tract, and ventricles and aids in movement

Pseudostratified columnar:
Ciliated: lines airways of respiratory tract and secretes mucous for trading particles
Nonciliated: lines large ducts of many glands and aids in absorption & protection

Stratified squamous
Keratinized: forms superficial alter of sin to protect against abrasion, water loss, UV, and foreign invasion
Nonkeratinized: lines wet surfaces for first line against microbes

Stratified cuboidal: lines ducts of sweat & esophageal glands for protection and limited secretion and absorption

Stratified columnar: lines urertra and large excretory glands for protection and secretion

Transitional: lines bladders and ureters/urethra and allows for stretching while holding fluids

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10
Q

Define gland - exocrine vs. endocrine

A

Gland: consist of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood. There are 2 types:

Endocrine: hormones enter interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the blood stream without passing though a duct

Exocrine: secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering & lining epithelium

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11
Q

Describe the structural classification of exocrine glands (unicellular, multicellular)

A

Unicellular: single celled glands

Multicellular (common): composed of many cells that form distinctive structured that are categories according to:

  1. Branched (compound) or unbranched (simple)
  2. Shape of secretory portion: tubular, acinary (rounded), and tubuloacinary (tubular and rounded parts)
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12
Q

Describe the functional classifications of exocrine glands (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

A

Merocrine: synthesized on ribosomes; processed, sorted, and packaged by the golgi complex and released exocytosis

Apocrine: accumulate secretary product at the apical surface and then pinches off by exocytosis to release its secretion

Holocrine: accumulate secretory product in cytosol and eventually ruptures and becomes the secretory product

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13
Q

What are the 2 basic elements of connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix: material between cells that consist of protein fibers and ground substance

Cells

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14
Q

Describe the following connective tissue cells:

  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Adipocytes
  • Leukocytes
A

Fibroblasts: large flat cells that migrate through tissues secreting fibers and components of found substance

Macrophages: develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and debris via phagocytosis

Mast cells: produce histamine which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria

Adipocytes: stores fat

Leukocytes: WBC (neutrophils or eosphils)

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15
Q

What are the combines of ground substance and protein fibers (3) within the connective tissue ECM?

A

Ground substance: material that supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances

3 types of fibers:

1) Collagen: strong, flexible bundles of collagen protein
2) Elastin: stretchable but strong
3) Reticular: made of collagen/glycoproteins; provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around cells

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16
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of each type of embryonic connective tissue:

Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme: contains irregular mesenchymal cells embedded in semifluid substance that is located under the skin of developing bones and along some blood vessels (adults)

Mucous connective tissue: scattered fibroblast embedded in jelly-like substance that contains collagen and supports the fetus and is found is the umbilical cord

17
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of each type of mature loose connective tissue:

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

A

Areolar: consists of fibers embedded in semifluid ground substance and found in the subQ layer in every body structure for strength, elasticity, support

Adipose : derived from fibroblasts (adipocytes) that are specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats) and can reduce heat loss, reserve energy, & support/protect organs

Reticular: fine interlacing network of reticular fibre and cells that forms storm of organs; binds smooth muscle tissue; filters worn blood vessels in spleen/lymph nodes

18
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of each type of mature dense connective tissue:

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

A

Dense regular: made up of bundles of collagen with fibroblasts that forms tendons & ligaments and provides astrong attachment between structures that can withstand tension

Dense irregular: made up of irregularly arranged collagen and few fibroblasts that provides pulling strength in many directions

Elastic: elastic fibers & fibroblasts located in lund, arteries, trachea, airways that allows stretching and recoiling

19
Q

Define cartilage and discuss its resiliency

A

Cartilage - dense networking of collagen and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulphate (gel-like ground substance)

Resiliency refers to ability to assume original shape after deformation and is due to chondroitin sulfate

20
Q

Cells of mature cartilage are called ________

A

chondrocytes (singly) or lacunae (in groups with spaces)

21
Q

Describe the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (most abundant): contains a resilient gel as ground substance and provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support; weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured

Fibrocartilage: has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen and supports and joins structures together, the strongest type of cartilage

Elastic: has chondrocyte in threadlike network of elastic fibers within EC matrix and provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures

22
Q

Interstitial vs. appositional repair and growth of cartilage

A

Interstitial: growth from within the tissue (childhood)

Appositional: growth at the outer surface (adolescence)

23
Q

Describe the 4 parts of an osteon (haversian system)

A

Lamellae: centric rings of ECM that give bone its hardness and compressive strength

Lacunae: small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes

Cancaliculi: project from lacunae are are networks of canals for osteocytes that provide nutrients and allow waste to leave

Central canal (haversian canal): contains blood cells and nerves

24
Q

Define a spongy bone

A

It lacks osteons and consists of columns called trabeculae

25
Q

Which of the following is not a connective tissue?

A) bone tissue 
B) blood tissue
C) Cartilage 
D) elastic tissue 
E) All are examples of connective tissues
A

E) All are examples of connective tissues

26
Q

What is blood tissue?

A

A liquid connective tissue that has an ECM called blood plasma and formed elements (WBC, RBC, platelets)

27
Q

Describe the function of RBC, WBC, and platelets

A

RBC: transport oxygen and remove carbo dioxide
WBC: immunity
Platelets: blood clotting

28
Q

Describe the following epithelial membranes:

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

A

Mucous: line body cavities that open to the outside; the connective tissue layer is called the lamina proporia that supports the epithelium

Serous: line cavities that do not open directly to the outside; has two layers:
1) Parietal - attached to lines in the cavity wall and 2) visceral - covers and adheres to organs within cavity

Cutaneous: covers the surface of the body that consists of the epidermis and dermis

Synovial: lines joints

29
Q

Describe the 3 types of muscular tissue:

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

A

Skeletal: long, cyndrical striated fibres that are multinucleate that aid in motion, posture, heat production, & protection

Cardiac: branched striated fibers with one centrally located nucleus that are attached to an intercalated disc; functions to pump blood

Smooth: involuntary, non striated

30
Q

Describe the structural features and functions of nervous tissue (neurons & microglia)

A

Consists of neurons & microglia:

Neurons covert stimuli into action potentials and function these to other neurons, muscle tissue, or glands

Neuroglia do not generate action potentials but have many supportive functions

31
Q

What is systemic lupus erythmatosis (SLE)?

A

A chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue occurring mostly in non-white women during childbearing age

Connective tissue disorders are most commonly autoimmune diseases

BIO 235 Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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