Chapter 8 Test - Renaissance and Reformation - March 20th Flashcards
What is the medival time/middle ages/dark ages known for?
The black death, the hundred years war, the great schism, and the ottman empire
What was the Black Death/Bubonic Plague?
A plague that killed half of Europe that made extremities turn black
What was the Hundred Years War?
A conflict between France and Britain, with no clear winner
What was the Great Schism?
The split of Catholicism between Rome and France, leading to less power in the church
What was the ottoman empire in the middle ages?
It covered Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa. It was islamic and lasted until early 1900s.
What does the term ‘Renaissance’ mean?
A rebirth of classical culture and knowledge, was a cultural awakening
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Florence, Italy in 1350
What was a cause of the renaissance?
Lasting trade in italy,
What family was the banking center of europe?
the medicis
Who were patrons of the art?
Wealthy people who sponsor artists and commission works to show high social status and influence
Who were the most famous and powerful patrons in europe?
the medicis
What is humanism?
Emphasis on a person as an individual rather than part of a larger group.
What is Secularism?
Focus on worldly themes instead of religious
List three areas impacted by new ideas during the Renaissance.
- Art
- Literature
- Philosophy
What was da vinci knwon as?
the renaissance man
Name two famous works of Leonardo da Vinci.
- Mona Lisa
- Last Supper
What did Leonardo da Vinci contribute to art?
He added math to art especially with geometry
How many pages of math, science, and diagrams did Leonardo da Vinci produce?
13,000 pages.
Who is considered the greatest artist of all time and why?
Michelangelo, Renowned for his contributions to art and sculpture.
Famous artworks of michalandgelo?
the statue of david and the sistine chapel
In which direction do the eyes of the Statue of David face?
Rome
What artist reintroduced mythology to art during the Renaissance?
Botticelli
What is a famous painting by Botticelli?
Birth of Venus
Who did Raphael study under?
Da Vinci and Michelangelo
Famous painting of raphael?
- The School of Athens
- wedding of the virign
- saint catherine of alexandria
- sistine madonna
What is special about the school of athens?
It has famous philopsiphers and painter such as da vinci and aristotle, greek influence
What is dante famous for writing?
The divine comedy
What are the three parts of The Divine Comedy?
Dante’s Inferno, Purgatory, & Paradise
Who was the first to use interlocking three-line rhyme schemes?
Dante
What is a famous work by erasmus?
Praise of Folly, made fun of the catholic church
What is the famous piece that niccolo machiavelli wrote?
the prince, how to run a monarchy
What significant movement did Erasmus influence?
Protestant Reformation
What is the Renaissance considered?
birth to the modern world
How was Italy broken up during the renaissance?
broken up into city-states with different rulers
What is an art style that emerged during the Renaissance?
nude paintings, inspired by greece and rome
What are the key characteristics of Renaissance art?
- Realism & emotion
- Emphasis on individuals
- emphasis on interaction
- More detailed
- Used more light & shadows
Who is Donatello?
Broght back Greek type scultures, 360 degree views and freestanding
What did Da Vinci start the study of?
Anatomy
What methods did Da Vinci use to study anatomy?
- Studied dead bodies
- Focused on muscles and fetuses
What architectural feature came from the Renaissance?
enclosed domes
Who made enclosed domes?
Filippo Brunelleschi
What countries are in the northern renaissance and for what?
- England - writing
- France - archetectiure
- Netherlands - art
Who was Francesco Petrarch and what was his contribution?
Writer who questioned love and life, the father of humanism
What revolutionary concept did Copernicus introduce?
Heliocentric theory
What is the main idea of Niccolò Machiavelli’s philosophy?
The ends justify the means
What is meant by the term ‘Protestant Reformation’?
Religions that came from protests
What were some causes of the Protestant Reformation?
- 100 years war and black death because god didn’t save them
- clergy were uneducated
- pope was not spiritual and instead worldly
- science contradicted the church
- People disliked indulgences
What are indulgences in the context of the Reformation?
Paying for pardon of sins
Indulgences were a major point of contention that spurred the Reformation.
What concepts did the Medici family come up with?
personal credit and universal bookeeping
Who are famous artists from the renaissance?
- da vinci
- michelangelo
- botticelli
- raphael
Who are famous writers from the renaissance?
Dante, erasmus, and nicolo machiavelli
Ranking in the Catholic Church?
- God
- Pope
- Cardinals (clergy)
- archbishops
- bishops
- priests and monks
- laity
Who are responsible for electing a new pope?
Cardinals
Cardinals are senior church officials who have the authority to elect the pope.
What role do archbishops play in the Catholic Church hierarchy?
Given territories
Archbishops oversee larger regions within the church.
Who are considered laity in the Catholic Church?
Not directly working for the church
Laity includes individuals like secretaries who support the church but are not clergy.
What did John Wycliffe do?
translated the Bible to english, printed, and gave access to the bible
Who was Jan Huss?
Reformer from Bohemia (Croatia) sho modernized the bible in eastern europe, taught the bible had more authority than the church
What happened to Jan Huss?
Burned at the stake
What does ‘Protestant’ refer to?
Someone who protested against the Roman Catholic Church
The term signifies a branch of Christianity that emerged during the Reformation.
What is the meaning of ‘Reformation’?
When people demand change
What are key ideas associated with Renaissance thought?
Individualism, expression, art, humanism
Where was Martin Luther from?
Germany
What did Martin Luther believe?
- faith saves not good works
- ultimate authority is the bible
- all are equal in gods eyes (pope is not better)
What did Martin Luther dislike about the church?
-indulgences
- power and wealth of the churhc
- Italian domination of the church
What did Luther write?
95 these - 95 things he didn’t like about the church, spread with the printing press
What did the pope do about Luther?
the pope wrote a papel order against Luther, put on trial in the town of worms, is a no show, declares him a heretic
What is the peasant revolt?
the Lutheran wanted to overthrow the Catholic king, Luther sas no bc violence is bad, happens anyway, kills 100,000 ppl in Germany and ends up splitting germany
How and why does King Henry the 8th create a new church?
grew up devout Catholic, after marring Catherine of Aragon, he wants to annul, pope doesn’t allow it, new church of england
What did queen Elizabeth do for the reformation:?
never married to not lose the throne, her love was the people, created the angelican Christian church where al christians can practive
What POW did John Calvin do?
- Predestination
- Our moral lives will reveal if we are going to heaven
- Work ethic ritchous life that honors god
believed the ideal gov was a theocracy
What church did John Knox create?
Presbyterian church
Who were the anabaptists?
believed children shouldn’t be baptized bc they are not children of God until they choose to be, always burned at the stake
List Henry the 8ths six wives in order
- Catherine of Aragon: divorced cuz no son
- Anne Bolyn: beheaded bc staged adultery and no son
- Jane Seymour: died with complications from birthing a son
- Anne of Cleves: divorce bc ugly
- Katherine Howard: beheaded bc looking for younger men
- Katherine Parr: widowed
Why did the counter reformation happen?
protestant reformation was gaining traction so less ppl in the catholic church
What was the meeting called for a counter reformation and what happens?
the council of trent - affirmed bread and wine to christ, 2 sources of revelation not one, poctrine of purgatory, decrees on marriage and celibacy,
changed: Julian calandar, reform of indulgences
What way did da Vinci write?
mirrored handwriting bc he was a leftie
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
Why was the printing press so important?
only rich people could access books before the printing press
What was the system for the printing press?
Movable type, metal letters arranged
What is the process of bread and wine turning into the body and blood of christ called?
transubstantiation
How long is it take Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine chapel?
4 years
