Chapter 8 Study Guide Flashcards
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that use the sun as food.
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that use other organisms as food.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate.
What is Adenosine triphosphate?
Adenosine triphosphate is a chemical compound used to release and store energy.
What are the parts of ATP?
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
How is energy released?
Breaking high energy bonds.
What is ADP?
ADP is ATP with only two phosphate groups.
Why is ATP useful?
It can power many cell functions.
What is the basic energy for all cells?
Adenosine triphosphate. (ATP)
What is an example of something that ATP powers in a cell?
Sodium-potassium pumps.
What is the relation of ATP and Glucose in energy?
Glucose stores more energy for longer than ATP, too amount to more than 90 times more than ATP.
What did Van Helmont discover?
Van Helmont concluded that trees gain most of their mass from water.
What did Priestly discover?
Priestly discovered that plants release substances required for burning, which we know today as oxygen.
What did Ingenhousz discover?
Ingenhousz discovered that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.
What is photosynthesis?
A series of reactions that uses light energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.
What is the photosynthesis equation?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Six Carbon Dioxide + Six Water → Sugars + Six Oxygen
What does photosynthesis require other than water, carbon dioxide, and light?
Pigments.
What is the main pigment that plants use?
Chlorophyll.
What are pigments?
Sun absorbing molecules.
Why are plants green?
Plants are green because chlorophyll doesn’t absorb green light very well, and reflects it back at our eyes.
What are thylakoids?
Thylakoids are saclike photosynthetic membranes.
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoids.
What do thylakoids do?
Thylakoids have proteins that organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems.
What are photosystems?
Light collecting units of the chloroplast.
What is the stroma?
The region outside the thylakoid membranes.
Where do light-dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membranes.
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
In the stroma.
What is another name for the Calvin cycle?
Light-independent reactions.
What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?
Lots of the energy is transferred to chlorophyll’s electrons.
What do high energy electrons need to be transported?
Special carriers like NADP⁺.
What are carrier molecules?
A compound that can accept a pair of electrons and transport them and most of their energy to another molecule.
What is the electron transport chain?
All of the carrier molecules.
What is NADP⁺?
A carrier molecule. NADP⁺ stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
What is the purpose NADP⁺?
To hold two high energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H⁺). This Converts NADP⁺ into NADPH.
What is the purpose of NADPH?
To carry high energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell.
What is the purpose of the high energy electrons that NADPH carry?
To help build a variety of molecules, including glucose.
