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KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 2-9 > Chapter 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of measurement.

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2
Q

What is in an atom?

A

A nucleus has neutrons and protons. On the outside of the nucleus, some neutrons orbit the nucleus.

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are the same elements that have different numbers of neutrons.

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

A chemical formation of two or more elements.

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5
Q

What are some kinds of bonds?

A

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond where electrons are shared.

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7
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A chemical bond where electrons are given or taken.

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8
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A chemical bond is where each atom in a molecule has a slight negative or positive charge and the bonds attract.

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

Positively or negatively charged atoms.

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10
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

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11
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is a combination of atoms.

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12
Q

What are the van der Waals forces?

A

A slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

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13
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The attraction of two molecules of different substances.

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13
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The attraction of two molecules of the same substance.

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14
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A material made of two or more elements or compounds.

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15
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture in which all parts are dissolved and evenly distributed.

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16
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that has the ability to be dissolved. Is the material that dissolves in a solution.

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17
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that can dissolve things. Is the material that dissolves the solute in the solutions.

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18
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A system/scale to measure the concentration of H⁺ ions

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19
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential hydrogen.

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20
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound with a high level of H⁺ ions.

21
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that has low levels of H⁺ ions and produces OH⁻ ions.

21
Q

At what number on the pH scale is a compound an acid?

A

Less than 7

22
Q

At what number on the pH scale is a compound a base?

A

Greater than 7

23
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A mixture that does not fully dissolve and has little bits floating.

24
Q

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar atoms?

A

Polar means that the distribution of electrons among molecules is uneven while nonpolar means the distribution of electrons among molecules is even.

25
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A puzzle piece or building block for a polymer.

26
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A completed puzzle or group of monomers put together.

27
Q

What is a carbohydrate made of?

A

Carbs are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

28
Q

What is the carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio of a carbohydrate?

A

1:2:1

29
Q

How do living things use carbohydrates?

A

LIving things use carbs as their main source of energy.

30
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Single sugar molecules.

31
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of lots of molecules.

32
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polysaccharides are macromolecules formed through polymerization from the monomer monosaccharides.

33
Q

What is a lipid made of?

A

Carbon and hydrogen.

34
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Lipids store energy.

35
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleic acids are made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides.

36
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary.

37
Q

What are the kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

38
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The monomers of nucleic acids. They typically have 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

39
Q

What is the order of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA codes for RNA, and RNA codes for proteins.

40
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are macromolecules that have nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

41
Q

What are proteins polymers of?

A

Amino acids.

42
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

The breaking of bonds and the formation of new bonds

43
Q

What is a reactant?

A

Elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction.

44
Q

What is a product?

A

Elements or compounds produced by chemical reactions. (The result of a chemical reaction.)

45
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to start a chemical reaction.

46
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

48
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up chemical reactions in cells.

49
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactants of an active sight.

50
Q

What is an active sight?

A

A place on enzymes that substrates go to react.

KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 2-9 (8 decks)

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