Chapter 2 Study Guide Flashcards
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of measurement.
What is in an atom?
A nucleus has neutrons and protons. On the outside of the nucleus, some neutrons orbit the nucleus.
What is an isotope?
Isotopes are the same elements that have different numbers of neutrons.
What is a compound?
A chemical formation of two or more elements.
What are some kinds of bonds?
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond where electrons are shared.
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond where electrons are given or taken.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A chemical bond is where each atom in a molecule has a slight negative or positive charge and the bonds attract.
What is an ion?
Positively or negatively charged atoms.
What is an element?
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
What is a molecule?
A molecule is a combination of atoms.
What are the van der Waals forces?
A slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.
What is adhesion?
The attraction of two molecules of different substances.
What is cohesion?
The attraction of two molecules of the same substance.
What is a mixture?
A material made of two or more elements or compounds.
What is a solution?
A mixture in which all parts are dissolved and evenly distributed.
What is a solute?
A substance that has the ability to be dissolved. Is the material that dissolves in a solution.
What is a solvent?
A substance that can dissolve things. Is the material that dissolves the solute in the solutions.
What is the pH scale?
A system/scale to measure the concentration of H⁺ ions
What does pH stand for?
Potential hydrogen.
What is an acid?
A compound with a high level of H⁺ ions.
What is a base?
A compound that has low levels of H⁺ ions and produces OH⁻ ions.
At what number on the pH scale is a compound an acid?
Less than 7
At what number on the pH scale is a compound a base?
Greater than 7
What is a suspension?
A mixture that does not fully dissolve and has little bits floating.
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar atoms?
Polar means that the distribution of electrons among molecules is uneven while nonpolar means the distribution of electrons among molecules is even.
What is a monomer?
A puzzle piece or building block for a polymer.
What is a polymer?
A completed puzzle or group of monomers put together.
What is a carbohydrate made of?
Carbs are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
What is the carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio of a carbohydrate?
1:2:1
How do living things use carbohydrates?
LIving things use carbs as their main source of energy.
What is a monosaccharide?
Single sugar molecules.
What is a macromolecule?
Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of lots of molecules.
What is a polysaccharide?
Polysaccharides are macromolecules formed through polymerization from the monomer monosaccharides.
What is a lipid made of?
Carbon and hydrogen.
What do lipids do?
Lipids store energy.
What are nucleic acids made of?
Nucleic acids are made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides.
What do nucleic acids do?
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary.
What are the kinds of nucleic acids?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
What is a nucleotide?
The monomers of nucleic acids. They typically have 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
What is the order of DNA and RNA?
DNA codes for RNA, and RNA codes for proteins.
What are proteins?
Proteins are macromolecules that have nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are proteins polymers of?
Amino acids.
What is a chemical reaction?
The breaking of bonds and the formation of new bonds
What is a reactant?
Elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction.
What is a product?
Elements or compounds produced by chemical reactions. (The result of a chemical reaction.)
What is activation energy?
The energy required to start a chemical reaction.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
What is an enzyme?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts.
What do enzymes do?
Speed up chemical reactions in cells.
What is a substrate?
The reactants of an active sight.
What is an active sight?
A place on enzymes that substrates go to react.
