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KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 2-9 > Chapter 7 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke.

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic units of life.

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3
Q

Who found that all plants were made of cells?

A

Mathias Schleiden.

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4
Q

Who found that all animals were made of cells?

A

Theodor Schwann.

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5
Q

Who found that new cells could only be formed by the division of cells?

A

Rudolf Virchow.

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6
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of function in organisms.
  3. All cells are produced from existing cells
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7
Q

What are the three rules of cell theory?

A
  • All living things are made of cells
  • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
  • New cells are produced from existing cells
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8
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope?

A

The microscope that looks through an object’s first layer.

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9
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope?

A

A microscope that looks at the surface of an object.

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10
Q

What is a eukaryote cell?

A

Cells that contain at least one nucleus.

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11
Q

What is a prokaryote cell?

A

Cells that do not contain any nuclei.

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12
Q

Which is smaller in size: Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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13
Q

What do all cells have?

A

Genetic material.

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14
Q

Where is a eukaryotic cell’s genetic material located?

A

Inside the nucleus.

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15
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells more complex than prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have more organelles, including a nucleus.

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16
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures that act as specialized organs and have a specific job to do for the cell.

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17
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

All of the area outside of the nucleus.

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18
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains most of the cell’s DNA and with it coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.

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19
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

The nuclear envelope.

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20
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA bound to protein.

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21
Q

What does chromatin do?

A

When cells divide, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.

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22
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The nucleus is the main organelle in the cell. The nucleus contains genetic information and is where the production of ribosomes begin.

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23
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.

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24
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes have proteins assembled on them.

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25
Q

What are the two different endoplasmic reticulums?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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26
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

The rER is the site where lipid components of a cell’s membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials.

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27
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

The sER does special tasks like the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs. This is done through enzymes.

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28
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage and sending it out of the cell.

29
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small organelles filled with enzymes that clear harmful substances from the cell.

30
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A
  • Break down of nutrients into small molecules for the cell’s use
  • Destroys organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
31
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Sac-like structures that contain nutrients and water.

32
Q

How is the vacuole different in a plant cell than in an animal cell?

A

Plant cells have one huge vacuole while animal cells may have a few smaller ones.

33
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Vacuoles store nutrients and water.

34
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

35
Q

What kind of organism contains chloroplasts?

A

Plants.

36
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles that capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

37
Q

Which organelles contain genetic material?

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts.

38
Q

Who found that Mitochondria and Chloroplasts might be descendants of ancient prokaryotes?

A

Lynn Margulis.

39
Q

What are the two main kinds of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules and Microfilaments.

40
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Provides support, helps the cell keep shape, and helps with movement.

41
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Thread-like structures that form networks that produces a strong flexible framework.

42
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow structures that help with cell structure and division.

43
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Organelles found in animal cells that help with cell division.

44
Q

Where are centrioles located, and what is their shape?

A

Centrioles are found near the nucleus and consist of two tubes that are 90 degrees from each other. These tubes are made up of more tubes.

45
Q

What can microtubules do to the outside of a cell?

A

Microtubules help to build projections called cilia and flagella.

46
Q

What is the purpose of cilia and flagella?

A

To move the cell quickly through water and other similar liquids.

47
Q

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

A

Flagella have one long ‘tail’ while cilia have many shorter ‘tails’.

48
Q

What are the contents of all cells surrounded by?

A

The cell membrane.

49
Q

What are plant cells surrounded by that animal cells do not have?

A

Cell Walls.

50
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.

51
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

A lipid bi-layer which has two layers of lipids. Proteins are embedded in the layers of lipids, and there are carbohydrate chains on the outside of the cell membrane.

52
Q

What do proteins embedded in the cell membrane do?

A

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane form channels and pumps used to transport materials through the cell membrane.

53
Q

What do carbohydrate chains on the outside of the cell membrane do?

A

They act as chemical identification cards, which allow cells to identify each other.

54
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

To provide additional support and protection to the cell.

55
Q

In plants, what are cell walls made of?

A

Fibers of carbohydrates and proteins. (Cellulose)

56
Q

What environment do all cells rest in?

A

In a liquid environment.

57
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture of two substances.

58
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

59
Q

What is concentration?

A

The concentration is the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution.

60
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The process of particles moving from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.

61
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

When all the area of a solution have an equal concentration.

62
Q

How can cells move substances across membranes without using energy?

A

Through diffusion because diffusion is particles moving randomly, which requires no energy from the cell.

63
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A thin barrier that allows some materials in and prevents others.

64
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

65
Q

What can water do that many solute molecules can not do?

A

Travel through membranes, which forms osmosis.

66
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Isotonic means that two different substances divided by a membrane have reached equilibrium.

67
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Hypotonic is the name for the solution with a lower concentration level.

68
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Hypertonic is the name for the solution with a higher concentration level.

69
Q

What can osmosis do that is harmful to cells?

A

Osmosis pressure, which is caused

KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 2-9 (8 decks)

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