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KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 2-9 > Chapter 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The biosphere is the part of the planet where all life exists.

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2
Q

What is ecology?

A

Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment.

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3
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of organisms similar to each other and have the ability to produce fertile offspring.

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4
Q

What does population mean?

A

A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same environment.

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5
Q

What is a community?

A

Different populations that live together.

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6
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a collection of all organisms living in the same place.

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7
Q

What factors are in an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem includes all abiotic and biotic things in an environment.

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8
Q

What is the role of an ecologist?

A

An ecologist’s role is to understand relationships in the biosphere by asking questions about events and organisms that can be a single individual or the entire biosphere.

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9
Q

What is a biome?

A

A biome is a collection of ecosystems with a similar climate and community.

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10
Q

What is the order of organisms?

A

Organisms > Species > Populations > Communities

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11
Q

What is the order of environments?

A

Ecosystem > Biome > Biosphere

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12
Q

What methods do ecologists use?

A

Ecologists use methods such as observing, experimenting, and modeling.

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13
Q

What does it mean for an ecologist to observe?

A

Observing is the first step in asking questions and is the process of solving some basic questions.

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14
Q

What does it mean for an ecologist to experiment?

A

Experimentation is the second step of asking questions and includes recording data so you can solve questions, or at least confirm a hypothesis.

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15
Q

What does it mean for an ecologist to model?

A

Modeling is the third and second step, as modeling is experimentation but over a longer period of time.

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16
Q

What is the main source of energy for Earth?

A

The Sun.

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17
Q

What are examples of autotrophs?

A

Plants, Some algae, and some bacteria. Commonly referred to as producers.

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18
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that use sunlight as food. There are also some organisms that use chemical energy as food.

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19
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process where autotrophs use light energy to power a chemical reaction which in turn changes carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates.

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20
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

A process where organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.

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21
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that relies on other organisms for food.

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22
Q

What are heterotrophs called informally?

A

Consumers

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23
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

A herbivore is a heterotroph that eats plants only.

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24
Q

What is a Carnivore?

A

A carnivore is a heterotroph that eats animals only.

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25
Q

What is an Omnivore?

A

An omnivore is a heterotroph that eats plants and animals.

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26
Q

What is a Detritivore?

A

A detritivore is a heterotroph that eats dead plants and animals.

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27
Q

What is a Decomposer?

A

A decomposer is a heterotroph that decomposes dead plants and animals.

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28
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A series of organisms that transfer energy between each other by eating each other.

29
Q

What is a food web?

A

Lots of food chains interchanged with each other.

30
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

Levels of food chains/webs. Each consumer level depends on the level below it, and the lowest level are producers.

31
Q

What is biomass?

A

The dry weight of living tissue.

32
Q

What is an ecological pyramid?

A

A diagram with each trophic level represented by a block.

33
Q

What percentage of biomass is found at each level?

A

Each higher level contains 10% biomass of the lower level.

34
Q

How much energy is lost during the transfer of energy?

A

Almost 90%

35
Q

What are biogeochemical cycles?

A

Cycles of elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter between organisms and different parts of the biosphere.

36
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water turns from liquid form to gas form.

37
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When water evaporates off of leaves.

38
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Chemical substances organisms need to survive.

39
Q

What is a key ingredient of living tissue?

A

Carbon.

40
Q

What gives off carbon dioxide?

A

Combustion, respiration, volcanic eruptions, and erosion all give off carbon dioxide.

41
Q

What makes up most of the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen.

42
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process in which bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia.

43
Q

What is ammonia converted into?

A

Ammonia is converted into nitrate by other bacteria.

44
Q

What do plants do with nitrate?

A

Plants convert nitrate into protein.

45
Q

What happens to protein from plants?

A

Consumers CONSUME. (Consumers eat the proteins)

46
Q

What is denitrification?

A

The process in which some bacteria convert nitrate into nitrogen gas.

47
Q

What does phosphorous do?

A

Phosphorous forms DNA and RNA.

48
Q

What does almost every ecosystem have?

A

Animals, plants, protists, fungi, and bacteria.

49
Q

What are some examples of animals?

A

Birds, mammals, reptiles, insects, worms, etc.

50
Q

What are some examples of plants?

A

Trees, shrubs, flowers, etc.

51
Q

What are some examples of protists?

A

Algae, amoebas, etc.

52
Q

What are some examples of fungi?

A

Lichens, mycorrhizae, etc.

53
Q

What are some examples of bacteria?

A

Many kinds of bacteria, too many to name here.

54
Q

What are living organisms called?

A

Biotic factors.

55
Q

What are non-living organisms called?

A

Abiotic factors.

56
Q

Who founded ecology?

A

Ernst Haeckel

57
Q

When was ecology founded?

A

1866

58
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A place where a particular population of species lives.

59
Q

What are the four most important substances cycled in our ecosystem?

A

Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

60
Q

What ‘takes’ in carbon?

A

Autotrophs

61
Q

How does carbon from plants get released back into the environment?

A

By organisms eating these plants.

62
Q

What is a limiting nutrient?

A

A single nutrient that is scarce or cycles slowly.

63
Q

What is an algae bloom?

A

A sudden growth of algae caused by an increase of limited nutrients.

64
Q

How can algae blooms be contained?

A

If there are enough consumers, the algae will not overgrow.

65
Q

What is an energy pyramid?

A

An ecological pyramid that shows the amount of energy at each tropic level.

66
Q

What is a biomass pyramid?

A

An ecological pyramid that shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level.

67
Q

What is a pyramid of numbers?

A

An ecological pyramid that shows the relative number of individual organisms at each level.

68
Q

Why does 90% of energy not transfer to the next level?

A

The energy is lost as heat energy.

KAMSC Honors Biology Chapters 2-9 (8 decks)

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