Chapter 8: Socioemotional dev in Middle to Late childhood Flashcards
How do children describe themSelves in this stage
Use more psychological terms ‘popular, nice, smart, ..’
they’re also more likely to recognize social aspects of the self ‘catholic, girl scout, …’
Do children distinguish themselevs from others in this stage
Yes, they’re most likely to think about what they can do in comparaison with others
What is Perspective taking and how is it during this stage
Perspective taking is the ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thought and feelings
it increases in this stage
What is perspective taking important in determining
Important in determining whether children will develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes or behaviors
What is self-esteem
Global evaluations of the self
aka self worht or self image
What is self-concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self
What are the foundations of self esteem and self concept
the foundations emerge from the quality of parent-child interaction furring infancy and early-childhood.
What can low self esteem in middle or late childhood be sign of
Neglect or abuse in relationships with their parents earlier in development
What are some consequences of low self-esteem
- Implicated in overweight and obesity
- anxiety and depression
- delinquency
What are strategies to improve self-esteem in at-risk children
- identify the causes
- provide emotional support and social approval
- help children achieve (achievement can help with self esteem)
- help children cope
What is self-efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
believe that ‘i can’
What is Albert Bandura’s theory
Social cognitive theory
What does Albert Bandura think of self-efficacy
That it’s a critical factor in whether or not students achieve
How is self-regulation in this stage
It;s one of the most important aspect of the self, and it’s increased in middle and late childhood
How is the increased capacity for self-regulation characterized
By deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement
What can parents do to help their children develop good self-control
- emotion-coaching rather than emotion-dismissing parenting
- Help children find ways to reduce anger, frustration and sadness
- encourage child to pause and evaluate upsetting situations before responding , and talk rather than losing control and yelling
- help child think about what is causing them to lose control
- explain that situations that are initially bad dont end up so terrible
- tell child how proud u are when they show self-control
What is Erik Erikson stage appears in middle to late childhood
His fourth stage : Industry versus Inferiority
What does industry vs inferiority mean
Industry - child becomes interested in how things work and are made
What are some developmental changes in emotions in this stage
- Improved emotional understanding + mental time travel
- Understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced
- Incr tendency to be aware of events leading to emotional reactions
- use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings like soothing themselves when upset
- capacity for genuine empathy
- ability to suppress or conceal neg emotional reactions
What is mental time travel
Anticipating and recalling cognitive and emotional aspects of events
Name two socio-emotional education programs
- Second step
- CASEL
What does Second Step focus on
self regulation and executive function skills and improved attention
making friends and self regulating and solving pb
communication skills, coping with stress
What does CASEL focus on
self awarness
self management
social awarness
relationship skills
decision making
How do children cope with stress as they grow older
They become more effective at it as they age
older children use more cognitive coping strategies like reframing or shifting their thoughts to less stressful topic
what is reframing (cognitive coping strategy)
thinking of a situation in a different less stressful way
By what age can most children use cognitive strategies to manage stress?
By age 10
What can hinder children from using cognitive strategies effectively?
Children from unsupportive or turbulent families may be so overwhelmed by stress that they struggle to use effective coping strategies.
How can traumatic events or disasters affect children?
Disasters like terrorist attacks or natural events (e.g., 9/11 or Hurricane Sandy) can negatively impact children’s development, leading to problems like stress reactions, depression, panic disorder, and PTSD.
What factors influence a child’s adaptation following a traumatic event?
The nature and severity of the trauma and the availability of support are key factors in how well a child adapts after a disaster.
How do coping techniques affect children’s resilience?
Children who have developed diverse coping techniques are more likely to adapt and function well in the face of trauma or disasters.
What are “dose-response effects” in trauma research?
describe the relationship between the trauma’s severity (dose) and the child’s adaptation difficulties (response)—the more severe the trauma, the worse the response.
Which coping strategies have positive outcomes for children following disasters?
Problem-solving and seeking social support are associated with positive outcomes, whereas escape and social isolation are linked to negative symptoms.
WHat are the two types of morality proposed by piaget
Heteronomous and autonomous
What is autonomous morality (children 10)
Children consider the intentions of the individual, and that rules change
What’s a major perspective on moral development proposed by
Proposed by Lawrence Kohlbery
What serves as the underpinning of Kohlberg’s theroy
Piaget’s cognitive stages of dev
What was central to Kohlberg’s work
Interviews with individuals of different ages, where the interviewer would say a moral dilemma
For kohlberg, what caused the development from one of his levels to another
opportunities to take the percpective of others
+ to experience conflict between ones current level and reasoning of someone at a higher level
What are the Kohlberg levels -
- Preconventional reasoning
- Conventional reasoning
- Postconventional reasoning
what is Preconventional reasoning
Lower Kohlberg level.
here children interpret good or bad in terms of external rewards and punishements.
What is the conventional reasoning level
Second level of Kohlbergs theory of moral dev
Here individuals develop expectations about social roles
Individuals apply certain standards but these standards are set by others
What is postconventional reasoning
Higher level in Kohlbergs theory
Morality here involves thinking and is more internalized
Conventional considerations are juged against moral concerns like justic equality etc
Main critics of kohlbergs theory
moral thought over moral behavior, the debate on whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic, the influence of gender, and the roles of culture and family in moral development.
Why is Kohlberg’s emphasis on moral thought criticized?
Critics argue that Kohlberg’s focus on moral reasoning does not account for moral behavior. People may rationalize immoral actions with moral justifications, as seen in cases where individuals with high moral reasoning still act unethically
What is the debate over conscious vs. unconscious moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory?
that moral reasoning is often an intuitive, automatic response rather than a deliberate process. He suggests that people make quick, gut-level moral judgments and then rationalize them afterward.
critique Kohlberg’s theory regarding gender?
Kohlberg’s theory is biased toward a male “justice perspective” that values abstract principles over relationships. She proposes a “care perspective,” emphasizing empathy and relational connections, which she believes is more characteristic of females
How did Kohlberg view family influence on moral development
Kohlberg downplayed the role of family, suggesting peer interactions were more influential.
What changes occur in parent-child interactions during middle and late childhood
Parents spend less time directly interacting with their children as they grow older.
How do parents influence children’s academic success
by fostering an environment that values education, enrolling children in activities, and monitoring their progress.
How does discipline change during middle and late childhood
Physical discipline decreases, and parents are more likely to use strategies like deprivation of privileges, appeals to self-esteem, and inducing guilt.
What is coregulation
involves a gradual shift of control from parent to child, where parents still provide general supervision, but children take on more self-regulation.
How do parents act as managers during middle and late childhood
Parents manage opportunities for their children, monitor behavior, and organize their time and activities
How do family management practices affect children’s academic performance
Family management, including structured routines and monitoring academic progress, is linked to better grades and fewer school-related problems.
How does attachment evolve during middle and late childhood?
Attachment becomes more complex as children interact with peers and teachers.
Secure attachment is associated with fewer internalizing problems, like anxiety or depression.
How does secure attachment affect a child’s relationship with their parents?
Securely attached children tend to have parents who are more responsive, supportive of autonomy, and use less harsh control strategies.
Securely attached children tend to have parents who are more responsive, supportive of autonomy, and use less harsh control strategies.
face more adjustment problems (e.g., academic issues and lower self-esteem)
How do relationships with stepparents affect children’s well-being
Positive relationships with stepparents are linked to better adjustment.
How do stepfamilies compare to non-divorced families
Children in stepfamilies generally show more adjustment problems
Why are positive peer relationships important in middle and late childhood
better interpersonal relationships in adolescence and adulthood
How does peer interaction change in middle and late childhood
Peer interaction increases as children grow
Children also prefer same-sex peer groups until around age 12
What is sociometric status and how is it assessed?
Sociometric status refers to how liked or disliked a child is by their peers
What are the five peer statuses?
Popular: Frequently nominated as a best friend and rarely disliked.
Average: Receives a mix of positive and negative nominations.
Neglected: Not nominated as a best friend but not disliked.
Rejected: Rarely nominated as a best friend and actively disliked.
Controversial: Nominated both as a best friend and disliked
What are the characteristics of popular children?
strong social skills, including reinforcing peers, listening carefully, managing negative emotions, and showing empathy
How does peer rejection impact children?
causes adjustment problems, including depression, conduct problems, and aggression.
+ linked to later social and academic difficulties
What is social cognition and how does it affect peer relationships?
- involves how children interpret and respond to social interactions.
- Aggressive children may misinterpret ambiguous situations as hostile, leading to reactive behaviors
How do social skills impact peer relationships?
Children with better social skills, such as knowing how to initiate and maintain friendships, tend to have more positive peer relationships
What characterizes bullying, and how does it affect children?
= verbal or physical behavior intended to harm someone weaker.
–> depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation + long term difficulty in forming rltps and having antisocial behavior
What are some common bullying behaviors?
physical aggression, verbal taunts, and social exclusion.
How can bullying be reduced?
Whole-school interventions like the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program
What functions do friendships serve in this stage
provide companionship, stimulation, physical and emotional support, social comparison, and intimacy
How do friendships influence children’s development?
contribute to emotional well-being, academic success, and physical activity.
Are all friendships beneficial?
Not all friendships are equally beneficial. Conflict-ridden or coercive friendships can lead to developmental disadvantages
What is the main purpose of schools for most children globally?
provide education that allows them to acquire the necessary skills, knowledge, and values for participating in society and the economy.
How do governments and organizations contribute to education?
play a key role in ensuring that every child has the right to education and access to quality learning opportunities.
What does education do for children in terms of their development?
improves literacy and provides essential skills that children need for their personal development
plays a role in reducing poverty
Why is education important for economic development?
by equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills needed for various jobs and careers.
What role does education play in poverty reduction?
By providing children with the knowledge and skills needed to improve their social and economic prospects, education helps break the cycle of poverty
What are the consequences of lack of education for children?
Without education, children face limited opportunities to improve their lives. They are more likely to remain in poverty, struggle with illiteracy, and lack the skills needed to participate in the workforce.
What challenges are faced in providing education globally?
inadequate funding, lack of resources, poor infrastructure, and unequal access to education, especially in disadvantaged or conflict-affected areas.
How do socio-economic factors influence access to education?
lower-income families often facing greater barriers
What is James Comer’s approach to improving education, and what are its three key components?
advocates for a community-oriented team approach to education
A governance and management team responsible for developing a comprehensive school plan, assessment strategy, and staff development plan.
A mental health or school support team to address students’ well-being.
A parents’ program to involve families in their children’s education.
How does parental control affect children’s academic achievement and emotional well-being?
authoritarian parenting styles (common in many East Asian families) can lead to higher academic achievement, they may also result in more emotional difficulties, such as higher anxiety, aggression, and depression in children.
authoritative parenting, which involves more positive engagement and support, is associated with better emotional adjustment.
What is the difference between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset?
fixed mindset is the belief that qualities like intelligence are static and cannot change.
growth mindset is the belief that qualities can improve and develop through effort and learning.
How can educators help students develop a growth mindset?
Teaching for understanding rather than rote memorization.
Providing feedback that helps students improve their understanding.
Giving students opportunities to revise their work and showing how effort leads to learning.
Communicating that effort and struggling are part of the learning process.
Creating a classroom environment where students feel supported in their growth.
What did Dweck’s research on brain plasticity show about growth mindsets and academic achievement?
showed that students who believe their brains can grow and improve through effort (growth mindset) tend to perform better academically.
What are contemporary approaches to student learning
Constructivism and direct itnruction
