Chapter 6: Socioemotional development in Early Childhood Flashcards
How do children’s describe the self
By physical and material characteristics (and physical activities)
e.g size, shape, color
when do children start to include Psychological traits and emotion terms in self-prescriptions
age 4 to 5
ps they also start perceiving others in psychological traits
How are Emotion-Dismissing parents
- view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
- are more rejecting
what should children be able to do to experience self-conscious emotions
They must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
What is Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stage associated with early childhood
Initiative versus Guilt
What does a child begin to develop in Erikson’s portrait of early childhood
Self-understanding: the representation of the self
When do self-conscious emotions appear
They appear when self-awareness appears, around 18 months of age.
During early childhood, emotions like Pride or Guilt become more common
What does early self-understanding involve
Self-recognition
When do children show an increase ability to reflect on emotions understand that some events can elicit diff feelings from diff ppl, incr awareness that they need to manage their emotions to meet social standards
4 to 5
Why is the development of emotional regulation important
- Fundamental to the development of social competence
- key role in children’s ability to manage demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others
How can emotion regulation be conceptualized
As an important component of self-regulation and executive function.
What are some Supportive Caregiver Emotion Socialization Strategies
- positive emotional demeanor and mood when interacting with children
- Validate children’s emotions
- Help children to use emotion strategies that make them feel better or figure out how to solve the problem
- Discuss emotions, help label emotions and understand contexts and causes
What is one of the most important changes in emotional development in early childhood
An increased understanding of emotions
- Increased understanding that certain situations are likely to evoke particular emotions
- That emotions affect behavior and can be used to influence others
+ Increase in the number of terms to describe emotion
- learn about the causes and consequences of feelings
How are Emotion-Coaching parents
- Monitor children’s emotions
- View negative emotions as opportunities for teaching
- Assist them in labeling emotions
Coach on how to deal with emotions effectively - use more scaffolding and praise
What are two approaches parents can be described to take when they talk to their children about emotion
Emotion-coaching
or
Emotion-dismissing
What are some Unsupportive Caregiver Emotion Socialization Strategies
- Express uncontrolled or excessive negativity
e.g becoming very irritated or display strong
anger and hostility toward children - Punish a child for emotions and feelings
- Dismiss or ignore a child’s expressions of emotions
What are some examples of self-conscious emotions
Pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt
What is moral development
The development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
According to Freud, how to children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment and maintain parental affection
By internalizing the concepts of right or wrong
– Developping the superego
What is the superego
the moral element of the personality
What is most evident in knowing which approach parents take (emotion coaching or dismissing)
The way they deal with a child’s negative emotions (anger, frustration, sadness, …)
What is perspective taking, and what is it necessary for
The ability to discern another person’s emotional states.
It’s often required for empathy
Who showed interest in how children think about moral issues
Piaget
What are Piaget’s distinct stages in how children think about morality
Stage 1 - ages 4 to 7: they display Heteronomous morality .
= justice and rules are seen as unchangeable
properties that are beyond the control of
people - they consider consequences, not
intentions
- belief in immanent justice
- ages 7 to 10: Period of transition. (some features of the first stage, some of the second)
Stage 2 - ages 10 and older : Autonomous morality
= become aware that rules and laws are
created by ppl. so in judging an action they
consider intentions and consequences of
actions
What is the belief in immanent justice
belief that if a rule is broken, punishment is immediate
What did Piaget argue about the changes in moral reasoning
That this social understanding comes through the mutual give-and-take of peer relations, when others power and status is similar to the child
Parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning between rules are often handed down in an authoritarian manner and parents have power but childrens do not
What does the behavioral and social cognitive approach to development focus on. Moral behavior or reasnoning
Moral behavior
What does the Behavioral and social cognitive approach say about moral behavior
That moral beh is explained by the processes of:
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Imitation
Is what children do in one situation related to what they do in other situations
No, it’s weakly related
What are gender roles
Set of expectations that prescribe how male and females should think, act and feel
What is gender typing
It refers to the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
What are the 3 main social theories of gender proposed
- Social role theory
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Social cognitive
Who proposed the social role theory
Alice Eagly
What does the social role theory state
that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women.
- which explains how the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power.
What does the psychoanalytic theory of gender say
- it stems from Freud’s view- The Oedipus or Electra complex: that preschool children develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
In this theory, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting their characteristics.
What does the social cognitive theory of gender say
That children’s gender development occurs through:
- observation and imitation of what other people say and do
- Being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
Mothers’ socialization strategies
In many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible, and place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy
Fathers’ socialization strategies
Father show more attention to their sons, engage in more activities with them and put more effort in promoting their sons’ intellectual development
Who provides the earliest discrimination of gender roles
Parents
who has greater pressure to conform to traditional gender roles
Males
What is one influential cognitive theory in gender roles
Gender schema theory
What does the gender schema theory state
That gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and inappropriate
A gender schema organizes the world in terms of female and male.
Children act in ways that conform to these gender schemas
What are Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Neglectful
- Indulgent
What is an Authoritarian Parenting style
- A restrictive, punitive style
- parents urge the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort
- placement of firm limits and controls on the child and allow little verbal exchange
- enforce rules but don’t explain them
- might spank the child
- show anger toward the child
How are children who have authoritarian parents
- unhappy
- fearful
- anxious about comparing themselves with others
- weak communication skills
- bully perpetrators sometimes
What is authoritative parenting
- encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions
- extensive verbal give-and-take allowed
- warm and nurturant towards the child
- Show pleasure and support
What is neglectful parenting
- parent is uninvolved in the child’s life
How are children who’s parents are neglectful
- develop a sense that parent’s lives are more imp than they are
- socially incompetent
- low self-esteem
- immature
+ higher levels of externalizing problems
What is indulgent parenting
- parents highly involved with their children
- place few demands or controls on them
- let their kids do whatever they want
How are children with indulgent parents
- rarely learn respect for others
- difficulty controlling their behavior
- domineering
- egocentric
- noncompliant
Benefits of having authoritative parents
- cheerful
- self-conrolled
- self-reliant
- cooperate with adults
- cope well with stress
- good academic achievement
- better delay of gratification
etc
what is coparenting
Support that parents give each other in rasing a child
What are the four main types of child maltreatment
- Physical abuse
- Child neglect (failure to provide basic needs)
- Sexual abuse
- Emotional abuse
What can contribute to child maltreatment
- Parenting stress
- Marital problems
- Substance use
- social isolation
- Socioeconomic difficulties
What are some consequences of maltreatment in childhood
- poor emotional regulation
- attachment problems
- problems in peer relations
- difficulty in adapting to school
- depression
- delinquency
- substance abuse
- sexual problems
- physical illness
- psychiatric disorders
What are three important characteristics of sibling relationships
- Emotional quality of the relationship
- Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship
- Variation in sibling relationships
Why can working parents be sometimes negative
Because it poses challenges balancing work and family life
But the nature of the work matters more than whether both parents work
How can divorce affect children
children may show
- poorer adjustment
- academic and behavioral problems
but usually there are no severe issues
What can help with children after a divorce
- coparenting and harmonous relationships post divorce
What can happen post divorce with parent-children
father-child environment often declines
Low conflict and high involvement is positive
What’s causing cultural change in families
- frequent travel
- internet use
- economic globalization
- migration to urban areas
- increased rates of maternal involvement
What is bicultural orientation
Balancing new country cultural traits with their heritage
this can promote adjustment
What are the functions of a child’s peer group ?
- Provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family
- Promote socioemotional development
- May benefit academic achievement
What do Freud and Erikson thinks about child play
That it helps master anxieties and conflicts , because pent-up tensions are released through play.
Why do therapists use play therapy
- To allow child to work off frustrations
- Analyze the child’s conflicts and ways of coping with them
What did Piaget say about child play
- advances children’s cognitive development (but also that cogn dev constrict the way they play)
bcs cognitive structures need to be exercised
What did Vygotsky think of child play
- exelling setting for cogn dev
+ was interested in the symbolic and make-believe aspects of play - imaginery play
What did Daniel Berlyne say about child play
Good because it satisfies our exploratory drive = curiosity - quest for info about new and unusual things
What skills can child play benefit
Language and communication skills, literacy
What are the types of play
- sensorimotor and practice play
- pretense/symbolic play
- social play
- Constructive play
- Games
What is sensorimotor and practice play
behavior that allows children to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes.
- Follows Piaget’s description of sensorimotor thought
Practise play = repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned
usually up until 9 months
What is Pretense/symbolic play
When child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.
acting like one object is something else
Between 9 and 30 months
what is social play
it involves interactions with peers
Increases during preschool years
What is constructive play
Combines sensorimotor/practise play with symbolic representation
= when child engage in self-regulated creation of a product or solution
What are games
- Activites that r enjoyable and have rules
- Often involve competition
What are the benefits of play
- Cognitive benefits : creativity, imagination, problem-solving, attention and language skills
- Socioemotional: Relaxation, self-expression, cooperation, empathy, confidence, and reduces anxiety
Whats the recommanded screen time for children aged 3-4
no more than 1 hour
What are the risks of screen time
- decreases physical activity
- poorer sleep habits
- incr agression
- inattention
- externalizing problems
+potential ADHD
Negative effects of screen time on learning
- can make children passive learners
- distractions from homework
- promote stereotypes
- expose them to violence
