Chapter 8 - Sexual Relationships Flashcards
There are motivations to engage in sexual relationships. Name 5.
- Physical attraction
- Status, security, or profit
- Mate guarding
- Reproduction
- pleasure
What is an ultimate explanation of why individuals engage in sexual relationships
Reproduction but humans have all kinds of motivations that overlap and change over time
How are opinions changing regarding homosexual sex and extra-marital sex?
The thought that homosexual sex is wrong is decreasing but extra marital sex is steadily viewed as wrong.
What are the types of commitment in an undergraduate sample?
- One night stand (hookup)
- Booty call: No social implications
- Fuck buddy: social implications
- Friends with benefits: orginally friends but slips into sexual
- Exclusive relationship
or consensual nonmonogamy (a thing)
What is a non-cohabiting relationship
a sexual relationship where they dont live together
How can PIT explain differing mating cognition
Females dont have much to gain from increasing sexual partner intake while males do.
What is the maximum children a man and woman have had
Female: 69
Male: 888
What is sociosexuality? Are there sex differences?
Peoples interest and engagement in casual sex. This includes their desires and beliefs about sex.
Male generally score higher in sociosexuality
What are two theories and explanations for sex differences in sociosexuality?
- Social-Role theory: That we socialize women to be chased by men. gender inequality. Meaning this should reverse or disappear in gender equity places.
- There are differences due to evolved sex differences.
What does empirical evidence show regarding sex differences in sociosexuality across countries. What about sex drives.
Sex differences in sociosexuality shrunk in countries that were more egalitarian.
Males have higher sex drives across cultures (meaning its not social).
How can PIT explain the sex differences in feeling guilt and fear about sex? what are the sex differences?
Where is the empirical data from and how did they measure it
Men feel guilty about not engaging in sexual activity or missed opportunity
Females feel guilty about engaging in sexual activity
From Norway and by asking people what they regretted
What are sex ratios?
A persons willigness to engage in sex is a resource whos value depends on its scarsity/
Where the rarer sexes can employ their preferred mating strategy and have more influence on market forces
What did the empirical study find that studied sex ratios among campuses? Talk about effect sizes and high vs low ratios.
If males were rarer, casual sex was more common
If females were rarer, casual sex was less common
High ASR: females are in short supply and effect sizes are small
low ASR: Male are rare and sex differences are apparent.
What did the empirical study find that studied sex ratios across cultures?
In more traditional societies
Low ASR, meaning less males, increased sociosexuality casual sex
High ASR, meaning less females, decreased casual sex.
What can sexual orientation tell us about sociosexuality. An their mating cognition.
Heterosexual and homosexual women do not differ
bisexual females are more male-typical
o Females mating cognition of homosexual females is typical even though they are sex atypical in childhood and adulthood.
What does empirical evidence say about the behaviour of differing sexual orientations?
-heterosexual males report more engagement in casual sex
-homosexual men have higher levels of sociosexual behaviour
-heterosexual and homosexual females report engaging in female typical sociosexuality
What empirical evidence is there that links PIT and sexual orientation in sociosexuality?
Heterosexual and homosexual males score higher:
- in interest in visual stimulus
- prefer younger partners
- unimportance in partners status
- obsessed with having attractive partners
Heterosexual males are way higher in sexual jealousy
What would we say about sexual orientation and mating cognition. Is this phenomena cultural?
In average gay men are male typical like heterosexual. Even thought he targets for their sexual desire is atypical
Lesbian women show female typical mating cognition. Even though they have sex atypical attraction targets.
No its not cultural because we see it across cultures.
Casual sex is mor common in gay men and lesbian women. What does this finding tell us about the influence of biology vs. culture on male vs. female sexual desire?
Females and males have mating cognitions. This can be an overcompensation of changing typical mating cognition.
What do we know about bisexual women regarding their sociosexuality, sensation seeking, and sexual curiosity?
Bisexual females are higher in sexual curiosity, sociosexuality, and sensation seeking
What does empirical evidence show about the number of sexual partners females have across sexual orientations?
Androphilic and mostly androphilic females have the most sexual partners while ambiphilic is after and gynephilic has more female sexual partners. same amount as ambiphilic male partners.
What is serial monogamy and how is it adaptive
Humans remain mated until their offspring is independent enough to sustain some types of fundamental skills and then parents separate due to there being less risk and less care required by the offspring.
Serial monogamy refers to being mated during chapters of life.
What are plausible benefits for each sex regarding serial monogamy.
Males: re-mate with more fertile and younger partner
Females: re-mate with better resource provider and better care giver.
Do partners generally have traits that correlate positively to each other? Which kinds of traits? What term is this called?
Yes they do.
Most traits and also anthropomorphic traits like height and weight.
This is called homogamy (Assortative mating): tendency for humans to choose mates that are similar to themselves more than chance.
What are the 3 components of love? Describe them and detail if they increase or decrease over time. What is consummate love?
Passion: intense/strong feelings, physiological arousal, lust. Dissipates overtime.
Intimacy: Emotional closeness, bonding, sharing. Increases overtime.
Decision/commitment: decision to love and maintain relationship over time. Plateaus over time.
Consummate love is having all three components. (rarely acheived)
What are the 6 kinds of love?
Liking: Only intimacy
Infatuation: only passion
Empty love: only commitment
romantic love: Liking and passion
Companionate love: liking and commitment
Fatuous love: commitment and passion
Are the conceptions of love purely western? If so are they weighted the same amount? What are the results relating to correlations?
In a cross cultural study it was foudn that these conceptions are universal. However the weight held to each of them varies.
Western has the highest expectations of each
Across cultures:
Men > women (passion)
women> men (intimacy)
Relationship length correlated negatively with intimacy and passer but positvely with commitment.
What do we know about love language theories regarding empirical backing? What do we know about love?
They are BS
All 5 are important and the framework doesn’t include important aspects of love. We know that thing that are perceived as love are positive
what is a better metaphor used to describe love
- There are big picture things you need and within that there are smaller things that vary for people
- Everyone has specific dietary needs but it changes over time
Through empirical evidence of attempting to quantify infidelity. What do we know about its impact on negative relationships?
Know that it threatens relationships.
Males are willing to admit it more than women. (males in maerica admit to 50% while females admit to 26%)
Jealousy is an evolved emotion that has an adaptive quality. What is it? What are the kinds and who does it more? Doe empirical evidence support this pattern?
Tendency that helps us guard our mate.
Sexual jealousy refers to being upset about the risk of partner engaging in sexual activity with someone (males do it more - risk of cuckoldry)
Emotional jealousy refers to being upset abotu the risk of partner developing emotional connection with someones (females do it more, risk of resource dispersion)
empirical evidence shows this pattern refardless of income level or relationship length
What does evidence show about SO variation in types of jealousy most upsets them?
Heterosexual males are most upset by secual infidelity
Heterosexual, homosexual people, and bisexual people are most upset by emotional infidelity
Through an illiustration of PIT, what two things can explain sexual infedelity anger response across cultures?
- Sex Ratios
- How much we expect fathers to invest
In a study done cross culturally regarding upset nature of either sexual or emotional infedelity, what interesting findings were outlined?
men and women are high in picking sexual infidelity as the worst than emotional infidelity
What is prosociality
A positive interest in and concern for others
What ole does oytocin play in mate bonding
higher levels increase pair bonding
What is the attachment theory?
Relationship styles are influenced by the wuality of parent-child bond.
Can be avoidant, secure, or anxious
What is unrequited love?
A love that is not reciprocated
What is obsessive relational intrusion
Pursuit by a rejected lover
What is social monogamy
pair bonding or marriages that may not be sexually exclusive
What is extra pair bonding
bonding to a person who is already in a relationship
