Chapter 5 - Gender Flashcards
Which cognitive traits do the sexes differ? Are they small, moderate, or large effect sizes?
Females: Higher in verbal fluency, reading, writing.
Males: Higher in mathematics, geography, mental spatial rotation.
These are moderate effect sizes
Which personality traits do the sexes differ? Are they small, moderate, or large effect sizes?
Females: Higher in conscientiousness and axniety
Males: Higher in narcissism and upper body strength (Huge effect size), and sociosexuality.
Is there a large effect size in occupational preferences between the sexes? Which sex prefers “people” vs. “thing” and what is that?
Yes.
People occupations refers to professions centered around people
Thing occupations refers to things like mechanics and manipulating things.
Males prefer thing related while females prefer people related.
How do siblings impact childhood play behaviour in the sexes?
Have an older brother: Males and females tend to engage in more masculine gendered play
Have an older sister: Males and females engage in more feminine play.
What empirical evidence highlights that sex hormones impact gender?
Females high in CAH engage in more masculine play. however they do not have advance spatial navigation
What empirical evidence highlights that gender may not be social? Describe the results of the monkey play.
Male monkeys tended to play with masculine toys (thing) and females played with “people” female toys.
What does it mean that children are gender detectives? What are people talking about when they discuss reward vs. punishment for childhood bx?
Children observe others around them and emulate their surroundings. The way the gender is represented is emulated though culture.
Children may be rewarded or punished for engaging in specific behaviours related to typicality of their gender that may increase or decrease them emulating that behaviour
What childhood behaviour do we see across sexual orientations?
Androphilic males are more female-typical behaviours
Gynophilic females tend to be more masculine in childhood
despite socialization.
What is cis-gender
Gender identity is aligned with their biological (natal) sex
What is transgender?
Gender identity and gender role do not correspond with their natal (biological) sex
How does euro-american norms of gynephilic females and androphilic males differ from other cultures regarding being cis-gender or a third gender?
Biology potentiates and culture emulates.
Gay men in other cultures are recognized as a third gender while euro-american gay men are primarily cis-gender.
Most likely more feminine in childhood
What does Fafafine mean and what are the findings about how they play in childhood and occupations.
Fafafine (in the manner of a woman) have sex-atypical childhood play bx and prefer more feminine occupations
What are Muxe and what are the findings about how they play in childhood and occupations
- Muxe gunaa (muxe woman)
- Muxe nquiiu (muxe man)
Both androphilic males that adapt third gender identity.
- Muxe nquiiu report equivalent levels of male and female behaviour
- Muxe gunna report female-typical childhood play behaviours
What does Sao Praphet song mean and what are the findings about how they play in childhood and occupations. same for toms & dees
Sao Praphet song: androphilic males that take on female typical gender role
Toms and Dees: Toms Gynephilic females that take on more masculine gender identity and tend to partner with Dees (females) who are ambiphilic (more attracted to masculinity) and dress feminine
Dees are not that different from heterosexual in their childhood play
What does empirical evidence show about males in Iran
Androphilic males are less masculine with heterosexual males are very masculine
What are 2 things about third gender males
All exclusively androphillic males
Present and behave in a female manner
How similar are gay men and third gender males?
Give 6 points. What about population prevalence?
- Exclusively androphilic
- Elevated childhood anxiety
Female shifted childhood play behaviour - Female shifted occupation preference
5More biological older brothers
6More androphilic male relatives
Population prevalence of third gender and gay men is the same.
What is traditional Gender dysphoria
Unhappiness cause by discordance between natal sex and gender identity (also gender incongruence)
What marks the onset of traditional gender dysphoria
Marked by childhood onset by sex atypical expression/interests
how has the prevalence of gender dysphoria changed? What percentage of people have it
Prevalence used to be less then 0.5%. There was a huge difference in the ratio 2:1 M:F ratio. 0.4% to 3%.
What are the differences between androphillic and non androphilic gender dysphoria in natal males?
Androphillic: overtly feminine during childhood, usually transition during childhood, rated as more feminine by observers, tranisiton in 20 or earlier, not sexually aroused by cross dressing.
Nonandrophilic: may have alternative SO’s, not overtly feminine in childhood, not rated as feminine by observers, usually transition in 30s or later, may be sexuall aroused by cross dressing.
What are the differences between early and late onset of gender dysphoria in natal females?
Early onset: often gynephilic, overtly masculine, early emergence of GD, “Classic” GD
Late onset: various sexual rientation identities, not overtly masculine in childhood, late emergence without prior history of GD, less understood.
What are the two treatments of gender distress
watchful waiting – less see what happens in development, vs. affirmative care
what things are involved in determining the best treatment for gender distress?
- Sex, age of onset, degree of childhood sex-atypicality, sexual attractions & prescense of co-occurring mental distress/disorder
What is the argument for why its hard to determine treatments for gender distress
Lumping disparate phenomena creates enormous confusion about trajectories and best approach
What are two unhelpful theories about GD
- Transgender people are born in the wrong body: Lazy, ill-informed psychological thinking
- Trans kids know they are trans
What factors influence treatment findings that are integrated into individuals lives?
- P-hacking (outcome switching)
- Spin: it was trending in significant direction
- publication bias
- more citations of positive trials
