Chapter 16 - Sexual Harassment & Violence Flashcards
Explain how jealousy is an adaptation.
Jealousy can promote survival and reproduction through mate guarding or resource acquiry
what does evolutionary perspectives predict about when sexes have similar and different recurrent adaptive problems?
- Similarity when the sexes faced similar recurrent adaptive problems (e.g., taste, anger, intelligence) and evolved similar preferences.
- Difference when sexes faced different recurrent adaptive problems (e.g., concealed ovulation and internal fertilization, obligate parental care, status “payoff,” etc.). So much of mating cognition is sex differentiated.
What are the differences n costs and benefits of infidelity between the sexes?
Males: you get more genetic material to the next generation
Females; Risk leaving a stable relationship or be abandoned
What are the types of sexual stalking? Explain what each one means.
Vigilance: Watching and tracking your partner
Delusional Jealousy: Persistent but sometimes false belief that your partner is involved withs someone else. No evidence will prevent them from saying I know your cheating on me.
Intimate partner Stalking: Stalking takes a number of different forms. Obsessive pursuit of someone you want to be, are, or was, in a relationship with.
What are the non sexual types of stalking? Describe each one.
Grudge (Revenge) Stalking: following a attempting to target someone. Is not sexual in nature.
Delusional Stalking: Target is someone they are in love with. Often the people who do this, they usually need psychological care.
Stalking usually amplifies in an adaptive low cost to high cost manner. Illustrate this progession.
o Starts low costs (messages, gifts, bids)
o Can escalate to following, spying, or threatening.
Then to sexual violence
o Would be been potentially effective enough to work over evolution. Used to gain attention again and interfere with new relationship formation. It works sometimes but it can make assault more likely.
What is the sex difference in use of sexual aggression more broadly vs. severe aggression?
Females use more broadly defined partner violence while males use for severe forms of violence.
How does partner violence change across same-sex relationships?
Increases for both kind of same-sex relationships.
Female-female relationships have the most physically violent occurences
What is sexual harassment?
Unwelcome sexual behaviour
When does flirting become harassment?
o When there is no invitation to continue
What is Sex-Based Harassment
Behaviour that derogates or humiliates based on an individual’s sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity
What are the types of sex-based harassment
- Gender harassment: Making people feel uncomfortable
- Unwanted sexual attention: directing sexual attention that is unwanted and known to be unwanted
- Sexual coercion:
o E.g. quid pro quo: Sexual behaviour in exchange of promotion
What is male over-perception bias and how is it different from females? Why would this have evolved?
Over perceive sexual interest and sexual intent while females have under perceived sexual interest and intent.
- It’s a downside for a male to miss a sexual opportunity that as present. Females don’t have the same risks. Its not a loss for a female to miss a sexual opportunity, its riskier to receive one that is unwanted.
Was foudn with empirical evidence as well.
What are the prevalence’s of types of sexual violence?
- Sexual Harassment (63%)
- Intimate Partner Violence (29%)
- Stalking (20%)
- Attempted or Completed Rape (17- 23%)
- Revenge Porn (Australia) (10%)
Why is sexual violence a huge human rights violation?
- Sexual Coercion, assault, and rape subvert sexual choice which is a key component in parentla investment theory. There ar strong motivations that go along mating in this domain including females making choices to mate with people
Why are the negative emotions elicited from sexual violence adaptive?
- Emotions are approach (go towards good stimuli) and avoid (go away from negative). They are cues about the environment.
o We put pressure on our environment to get a better deal
Is sexual violence and rape decreasing overtime?
Yes
what is the life estimation for females experiencing rape?
12.6%
What do we know avout conception from rape vs. consensual unrpotected sex
more pregnancies come from rape
Is forced copulation phylogenetically spread?
Yes we see adaptations like a female mallard duck (cork screw)
What is Malamuth’s Confluence Model?
Says that things like delinquent behaviour can lead to preference for impersonal sex leading to sexual aggression
or that personality traits or acceptance of violence towards women can lead to hostile masculinity leading to sexual aggression.
What do we know about physiological low cost Vaso congestion when there is any kind of sexual stimuli
That is occurs to protect the female reproductive system and is not a product of subjective arousal or consent
what is the preparation hypothesis
- Anytime there is a cue in the environment indicates there may be sexual activity, female genital response will be to produce low cost genital arousal, independent for psychological arousal.
When do men have the highest arousal in sexual contexts
when there is consensual, non violent sex
same for women
What would the preparation hypothesis tell us about category non-specificity?
o Category nonspecificity may be an adaptation—prepare the body for sexual intercourse independent of psychological preference or consent.
What is Erotomania
Delusional belief that a sexually desired but unattainable mate is in love with oneself
