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Anatomy > Chapter 8 Reagan Winter > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Reagan Winter Flashcards

1
Q

fascia

A

Layers of fibrous connective tissue.

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2
Q

aponeuroses

A

Broad fibrous sheets.

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3
Q

myofibrils

A

Contractile fibers in muscle cells.

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4
Q

myosin

A

A protein that, with actin, contracts muscle fibers.

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5
Q

actin

A

A protein that forms filaments that slide between filaments of the protein myosin, contracting muscle fibers.

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6
Q

striations

A

Bands of a skeletal muscle fiber.

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7
Q

I bands

A

The light bands, composed of thin actin filaments directly attached to structures called Z lines.

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8
Q

A bands

A

The dark bands, composed of thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments.

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9
Q

M line

A

A thickening, Consists of proteins that help hold the thick filaments in place.

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10
Q

sarcomere

A

The structural and functional unit of a myofibril.

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11
Q

sacroplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous network of channels and tubules of a muscle fiber, corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.

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12
Q

transverse tubules

A

Membranous channel that extends inward form a muscle fiber membrane.

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13
Q

cisternae

A

Enlarged portions of sarcoplasmic reticulum near the actin and myosin filaments of a muscle fiber.

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14
Q

motor neuron

A

A neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector.

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15
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.

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16
Q

motor end plate

A

Specialized portion of muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction.

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17
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector (muscle or gland) or another neuron.

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18
Q

motor unit

A

A motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers.

19
Q

troponin

A

Proteins apart of the actin filament.

20
Q

tropomyosin

A

Protein apart of the actin filament.

21
Q

sliding filament model

A

Sarcomeres shorten because cross bridges pull on thin filaments. A myosin cross bridge can attach to an actin binding site and bend slightly, pulling on the actin filament. Then the head can release, straighten, combine with another binding site further down the actin filament, and pull again.

22
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme, which catalyzes the breakdown of ATP and ADP and phosphate, releasing energy that puts myosin cross bridge in a cocked position.

23
Q

actetylcholine

A

A type of neurotransmitter, which is biochemical secreted at axon ends of many neurons; transmits nerve messages across synapses.

24
Q

musclue impulse

A

Impulse that travels along the war ole man to the transverse tubules.

25
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine.

26
Q

creatine phosphate

A

A muscle biochemical that stores energy.

27
Q

hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells.

28
Q

myoglobin

A

A pigmented protein in muscle that carries oxygen.

29
Q

pyruvic acid

A

An intermediate product of carbohydrate oxidation.

30
Q

lactic acid

A

An organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration.

31
Q

oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose.

32
Q

fatigue

A

A muscle exercised strenuously for a prolonged period may lose its ability to contract.

33
Q

threshold stimulus

A

Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction.

34
Q

all-or-none response

A

Phenomenon in which a muscle fiber completely contracts when it is exposed to a stimulus of threshold strength.

35
Q

myogram

A

A recording of muscular contraction.

36
Q

twitch

A

A brief contraction of a muscle fiber followed by relaxation.

37
Q

latent period

A

Time between application of stimulus and the beginning of a response in a muscle fiber.

38
Q

period of contraction

A

When the muscle pulls at its attachments.

39
Q

peroid of relaxtion

A

When the muscle returns to its former length.

40
Q

summation

A

Increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitched relaxes.

41
Q

tetanic contraction

A

Continuous, forceful muscular contraction without relaxation.

42
Q

recruitment

A

Increase in number of motor units activated as stimulation intensity increases.

43
Q

sustained contraction

A

Summation and recruitment together can produce a sustained contraction of increasing strength.

44
Q

muscle tone

A

A response to nerve impulses that originate repeatedly from the spinal cord and stimulate a few muscle fibers.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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