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ReScience > Chapter 8 Radioactivity > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Radioactivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest radioactive source near earth?

A

Sun

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2
Q

Who discovered the X-ray

A

Willhelm Conrad Roentgen ( german physicist )

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3
Q

How was the x-ray discovered

A

Discovered unintentionally after WCR unintentionally took an x-ray photograph of his wife’s hand

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4
Q

Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Antoine Henri Becquerel ( french physicist )

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5
Q

How was radioactivity discovered?

A

Unintentionally produced rays that blacken a photographic plate even in the dark with a radioactive compound

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6
Q

Who discovered radioactive radiation?

A

Marie and Pierre Curie ( Polish )

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7
Q

What award was given to Conrad Roentgen and Henri Becquerel?

A

Nobel Prize in Physics

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8
Q

How did Marie Curies die?

A

Died to prolong exposure to gamma rays

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9
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

A random and spontaneous decay process of an unstable nucleus by emitting radioactive radiation

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10
Q

Examples of forms of radioactive radiation

A

Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays

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11
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

A random and spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus emitting radioactive radiation until the nucleus becomes more stable

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12
Q

Examples of radioactive radiation

A

Carbon 14
Thorium-234
Uranium-238
Radon-222

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13
Q

What is the first unit of radioactivity introduced

A

Curie ( Ci )

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13
Q

How many decays per second is 1 Curie

A

3.7 x 10{10} Decays per second

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14
Q

What is the current S.I unit for radioactivity

A

Becquerel ( Bq )

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14
Q

Presence of radioactive radiation can be detected using what?

A

Cloud chamber
Geiger-Muller counter
Dosimeter

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15
Q

How many Curie is 1 Becquerel?

A

3.7 x 10 {-4} Ci

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15
Q

What is half-time?

A

Time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei to reduce to half of its original value

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15
Q

Describe Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

States that an atom is the smallest particle and cannot be further divided

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16
Q

How to know if an atom is neutral?

A

If the number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the same

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17
Q

What is an ion?

A

It is a charged atom when it gains or loses an electron

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18
Q

What is a cation?

A

An atom that loses electrons and forms a positive ion

19
Q

What is an anion

A

An atom that gains electrons and forms a negative ion

20
Q

What is ionising radiation?

A

When radiation such as radioactive radiation passes through air and produces positive and negative ions

21
Q

Examples of ionising radiation

A

Xray
Gamma ray

22
Q

Example of non-ionising radiation

A

Radio
Infrared
Microwave
Visible light
Ultraviolet

23
Q

natural characteristic of Alpha, Beta and gamma rays

A

Helium Nucleus
High speed electron
Electromagnetic wave

24
Q

charge of particle of Alpha, Beta and gamma rays

A

Positive
Negative
Neutral

25
Q

Ionising power of of Alpha, Beta and gamma rays

A

High
Moderate
Low

26
Q

Penetration power of Alpha, Beta and gamma rays

A

Low
Moderate
High

27
Q

Deflection by magnetic field of Alpha, Beta and gamma rays

A

Upwards
Downwards
Straight

28
Q

categories of sources of ionising radiation?

A

Natural
Man-made

29
Q

Examples of natural radiation

A

Cosmic Rays
Background radiation

30
Q

Examples of man-made radiation

A

Nuclear Tests
Nuclear accidents
Use of radioisotope for medical purposes

31
Q

What are cosmic rays?

A

High-energy radiation produced outside the solar system or from another galaxy

32
Q

What is background radiation?

A

Made up of various types of ionising radiation in the environment

33
Q

Sources of background radiation?

A

Cosmic rays
Radioisotopes for medical use
Radioactive waste from nuclear accidents/tests

34
Q

Biological effect from ionising radiation is measured in a quantity of?

A

Dose

35
Q

1 dose of 1 Sv equals to how many joules of ionising radiation which is absorbed by how much living tissue?

A

1 Joule
1 Kilogram

36
Q

What is the unit of background radiation does used?

A

microSievert/hourr

37
Q

What is a safelevel of ionising radiation?

A

less than 0.2 uSv/h
< 0.0002 mSv/h
1752 uSv/year
1.752 mSv/year

38
Q

Uses of radioactive radiation?

A

Archeology and geology
Monitoring thickness of metal sheets
Agriculture
Defense
Food Preservation
Medical

39
Q

What is the method used to determine the age of fossil using radioactive radiation?

A

Carbon-14 dating

40
Q

How is carbon-14 used to measure the age of remains?

A

C-14 in tissues begins to decay and emit beta radiation with a half life of 5700 years. By measuring the activity of C-14, the age of remains can be determined

41
Q

Who used carbon-14 dating?

A

Archeologist and Geochronologists

42
Q

How is radioactive radiation used to monitor the thickness of metal sheets?

A

A metal sheet is passed in between a beta radiation detector and a beta radiation source. If it detects too much beta radiation, the metal sheet is too thin

43
Q

What is radioactive radiation used for in agriculture?

A

Kill beetles
Control population of pests by sterilization
Determine the best type of phosphate fertilizer
Modify characteristics of plants

44
Q

How do we determine the best type of phosphate fertilizer for plants?

A

the rate at which beta radiation is emitted during the nuclei delay of phosphurus-32 is used to determine the absorption rate of phosphate fertilizer in plants

45
Q

How is radioactive substances used in the field of defence?

A

Nuclear bomb

46
Q

What logo is used to label food preserved with radioactive radiation?

A

The radura logo

47
Q

Uses of radioactive radiation in the medical field?

A

Kill cancer cells ( Caesium-137 or Cobalt-60 )
Determine location of blood clots ( Sodium-24 )
Treat tumours in the brain ( Technetium-99 )
Destroy germs ( Cobalt-60 )
Treat thyroid glands ( Iodine-131 )

48
Q

Examples of safety measures when handling radioactive sources and radioactive wastes

A

Shield radioactive substances with thick slabs of lead
Store radioactive sources in containers with thick lead walls
Use of robotic hands
Wearing appropriate protective clothing
Disposal of radioactive waste done correctly

49
Q
A

ReScience (10 decks)

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