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ReScience > Chapter 2 Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is breathing?

A

Process of inhaling and exhaling air by the lungs

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2
Q

Explain step by step our breathing mechanism

A

Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

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3
Q

Explain what happens during the process of inhalation

A

-Intercostal muscles contract and pull the rib cage upwards and outwards
-Diaphragm muscles contract and pull the diaphragm to descend and become flat
-Thoracic cavity becomes becomes bigger and causes air pressure in t he thoracic cavity to decrease
-The higher air pressure outside forces air to enter lungs

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4
Q

Explains what happens during the process of exhalation

A

-Intercostal muscles relax and rib cage moves downwards inwards
-diaphragm muscles relax and curve upwards
- Thoracic cavity becomes smaller and causes the air pressure in the thoracic cavity to increase
- The higher air pressure pushes air out

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5
Q

Function on diaphragm

A

Controls air pressure in the thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Why can oxygen diffuse through the wall of the alveolus?

A

Air inhaled has a higher concentration of oxygen compared to the concentration of oxygen in blood

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7
Q

Oxygen + Haemoglobin

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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8
Q

Is Oxyhaemoglobin a stable or unstable compound? Why

A

Unstable compound, it decomposes to realease oxygen molecules and change back into haemoglobin ( just like radioactive decay )

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9
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration in human?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

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10
Q

What are the adaptations of the alveolar structure?

A

Moist wall of alveolus
Surface area of alveolus
Thickness of the walls of alveolus and blood capillaries

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11
Q

How does the thickness of the wall of the alveolus affect the rate of diffusion

A

The walls are thin which increases the rate of diffusion of gases across the walls

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12
Q

What are the importance of the adaptations of alveolar structure?

A

Increase effiiciency and maximise the exchange of gases

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13
Q

Examples of harmful substances to the respiratory system

A

Cigarette tar
Carbon Monoxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Dust, Haze and pollen

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14
Q

Downsides of cigarette tar

A

Kill cells in the air passage and increase production of mucus and phlegm

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15
Q

Where is carbon monoxide found?

A

Cigarette smoke and exhaust gases of motor vehicles

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16
Q

Downsides of carbon monoxide ( 3m )

A

Combines with oxygen to carboxyhaemoglobin which causes a shortage of oxyhaemoglobin and affects the amount of oxygen being transported

17
Q

Where is sulphur dioxide found?

A

Combustion of coal

18
Q

Downsides of sulphur dioxide

A

Irritates air passage causing difficulty in breathing and coughting

19
Q

where nitrogen dioxide found?

A

Combustion of fuels

20
Q

Downsides of nitrogen dioxide

A

Irritates the air passage and causes difficulty in breathing and coughing

21
Q

What can haze, dust and pollen cause?

A

Asthma

22
Q

Examples of respiratory diseases?

A

Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema and lung cancer

23
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

Shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing

24
Q

Symptoms of bronchitis

A

shortness of breath and insomnia

25
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A

Breathing pain and shortness of breath

26
Q

what causes lung cancer?

A

Caused by carcinogens in chemical subtances

27
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer

A

Blood in phlegm, breathing pain

28
Q

What is a passive smoker?

A

A person who doesnt smoke but inhales cigarette smoke

29
Q

How does the respiratory system adapt to different surroundings?

A

Moist surface, thin respiratory structures and large surface area of respiratory structures

30
Q

Examples of respiratory structures which adapt to different surroundings

A

Trachea, moist outer skin, gills

31
Q

What are gills made up of?

A

Two rows of filament and lamellae

32
Q

Breathing pores in trachea are known as?

A

Spiracles

33
Q

Trachea is divided into fine branches known as

A

Tracheoles

34
Q

How does the diffusion of carbon dioxide occur?

A

Occurs through the stoma according to the difference in the concentration of carbon dioxide

35
Q

What is a stoma made up of?

A

A stomatal pore bounded by a pair of guard cells

36
Q

when does the stomata of plants close?

A

When it gets dark or when a plants loses a lot of water

37
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Process of movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

38
Q

Effects of acid rain on plants

A

Kills plant cells and causes soil to be acidic and less fertile

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