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Arboriculture > Chapter 8: Pruning > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Pruning Flashcards

1
Q

Why is pruning necessary?

A

desirable or necessary to maintain safety, improve tree structure and health, satisfy customer goals, and make the tree aesthetically pleasing

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2
Q

Why can pruning damage a tree?

A

removing branches removes stored resources and affects future growth, removing leaves reduces the tree’s overall photosynthetic capacity and may reduce overall growth which can create a dwarfing effect; each cut has the potential to change the growth of a tree

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3
Q

shoot invigoration

A

the growth following pruning; takes place on fewer shoots, so unpruned parts tend to grow more than they would have without pruning

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4
Q

ANSI A300

A

in the United States, industry-developed, national consensus standards of practice for tree care (American National Standards Institute)

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5
Q

What are the objectives for pruning?

A
  1. ) reducing the potential for tree or branch failure
  2. ) providing clearance
  3. ) reducing shade and wind resistance
  4. ) maintaining health
  5. ) influencing flower or fruit production
  6. ) improving a view
  7. ) improving aesthetics
  8. ) removal of hazards
  9. ) increasing clearance for pedestrians and vehicles
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6
Q

compartmentalization

A

natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms

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7
Q

branch collar

A

area where a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk; typically enlarged at the base of the branch; appears as a swollen area at the base of the branch where it joins the trunk when the branch remains small relative to the diameter of the stem from which it originates

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8
Q

branch protection zone

A

chemically and physically modified tissue within the trunk or parent branch at the base of a smaller, subordinate branch that retards the spread of discoloration and decay from the subordinate stem into the trunk or parent branch; unique barrier inside the collar; within branch attachment

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9
Q

codominant stem

A

forked stems nearly the same size in diameter, arising from a common junction and lacking a normal branch union; lack branch bark ridge, branch protection zone, and branch collar; weak union that allows decay to enter when one of the stems is removed

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10
Q

branch bark ridge

A

raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge

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11
Q

included bark

A

bark that becomes embedded in a crotch (enclosed inside the union) between branch and trunk or between codominant stems; causes a weak structure; weak connection prone to failure; more likely to split apart

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12
Q

Are flush cuts good or bad?

A

Bad; removing/damaging the branch collar allows decay to enter the trunk wood more easily and lead to defects; result in much larger wounds and reduce the ability of the tree to close the wound; damages the tissue beyond the branch that is being removed and can lead to more discoloration and decay

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13
Q

How are pruning cuts classified?

A

by where they are made on the branch or stem

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14
Q

thinning cut

A

cut back to the parent branch or trunk, just to the outside of the branch collar if present; simulates where branches are shed naturally and allows for compartmentalization of the wound which slows the movement of decay

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15
Q

reduction cut

A

pruning cut that reduces the length of a branch/limb or stem back to a lateral branch large enough to assume apical dominance; trees cannot compartmentalize the wound as readily; best to avoid large cuts of this type

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16
Q

lateral

A

secondary or subordinate branch or root

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17
Q

apical control

A

inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form

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18
Q

heading

A

heading back; cutting a shoot back to a bud or cutting branches back to buds, stubs, or lateral branches not large enough to assume apical dominance/terminal role; cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a structural objective; cutting back to a lateral that is insufficient in size

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19
Q

Example of when heading cuts are acceptable and appropriate choice?

A

restoration of severely storm-damaged tree where there are few branches left along a stem

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20
Q

topping

A

inappropriate pruning technique to reduce tree size; cutting back a tree to a predetermined crown limit, often at internodes

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21
Q

Why not to top trees?

A
  1. ) Starvation: removing more than 1/4 of the crown temporarily cuts off its food making ability
  2. ) Shock: removing protection from sun exposes bark tissue that may get scalded
  3. ) Insects and Disease: large stubs may have difficult time forming callus and the large diameter of the terminal location allows tree’s natural defense system to be vulnerable to insect invasion and spores of decay fungi
  4. ) Weak Limbs: sprouts from larger truncated limb is weakly attached
  5. ) Rapid New Growth: watersprouts are far more numerous than normal new growth, elongate rapidly
  6. ) Tree Death: reduced foliage can lead to death of tree
  7. ) Ugliness: disfigured tree never regains the grace and character of its species
  8. ) Cost: cost less in short run but reduces property value and is expensive to remove or replace if the tree dies in addition to the risk of liability from weakened branches and increased future maintenance
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22
Q

watersprouts

A

upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the root graft or soil line; incorrectly called a sucker; sprouts that result after topping; more numerous than normal new growth; elongate rapidly

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23
Q

What method to use for removing large or heavy limbs?

A

Three-Cut Method

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24
Q

three-cut method

A

First cut: undercut the limb 1 or 2 feet out from the parent branch or trunk to eliminate the chance of the branch “peeling” or ripping bark as it is removed
Second cut: top cut slightly farther out on the limb than the undercut (or directly above if using a chainsaw) to allow the limb to drop smoothly when the weight is released
Third cut: remove the stub; when a dead branch, cut just outside the collar of the living tissue, remove only the dead stub that extends beyond the collar of living tissue

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25
Q

structural pruning

A

pruning to establish a strong arrangement or system of scaffold branches

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26
Q

training young trees

A

pruning to promote good structure early on; structural pruning; remove defects, select single dominant leader, space branches well along the trunk; have fewer structural defects meaning they have less potential for failure at maturity and require less maintenance as they age

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27
Q

5 steps of training young trees

A
  1. ) remove broken, dead, dying, or damaged branches
  2. ) select and establish a desired structure, often a dominant leader
  3. ) select and establish the lowest permanent branch
  4. ) select and establish scaffold branches
  5. ) selection and subordination of temporary branches below the lowest permanent branch and among the scaffold branches
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28
Q

leader

A

primary terminal shoot or trunk of a tree; large, usually upright stem; a stem that dominates a portion of the crown by suppressing lateral branches; strongest, most vertical stem

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29
Q

subordinated

A

(v) prune to reduce the size and ensuing growth of a branch in relation to other branches or leaders; reduce competing stems to become laterals
(adj) dominated by other trees, branches, or parts; suppressed

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30
Q

Why are codominant stems bad?

A

branches that have very narrow angles of attachment and codominant stems tend to break at the point of attachment, especially if there is included bark

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31
Q

permanent branch

A

in structural pruning of young trees, branches that will be left in place, often forming the initial scaffold framework of a tree

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32
Q

What determines the height of the lowest permanent branch?

A

determined by the location and intended function of the tree; higher on a street tree than an arboretum specimen; should be less than half the diameter of the trunk at the point of attachment

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33
Q

scaffold branches

A

permanent or structural branches that form the scaffold architecture or structure of a tree; selected for good attachment, appropriate size, and desirable spacing in relation to other branches; should be well spaced both vertically and radially on the trunk

34
Q

How spaced should scaffold branches be vertically?

A

Generally, at least 18” for large growing trees and 12” for smaller trees

35
Q

temporary branches

A

in structural pruning of young trees, branches (generally the lower branches) that are left in place or subordinated but will be removed later in forming the permanent scaffold framework of a tree; below the lowest permanent branch and among the scaffold branches; retained temporarily to help provide energy to the trunk, contribute to trunk taper development, and provide shade to the young trunk tissues

36
Q

What is the maximum amount of canopy you can remove in one year?

A

25%; young trees are more tolerant of severe pruning, but the training process should be spread out over many years if practical; proper training can be accomplished by removing less than 25% each year even if a young tree in good health can tolerate more; never remove more than 1/4 of a tree’s leaf bearing canopy

37
Q

What should you consider when pruning a mature tree?

A

site, time of year, species, size, growth habit, vitality, maturity of tree

38
Q

Pruning mature trees vs. juvenile trees?

A

Generally, mature trees are less tolerant of severe pruning than juvenile trees; also smaller cuts close faster and are more easily compartmentalized than large cuts

39
Q

types of pruning methods/types

A

crown cleaning, thinning, reduction, restoration, and raising

40
Q

crown cleaning

A

in pruning, the selective removal of dead, dying, diseased, broken, and weakly attached branches from the tree crown

41
Q

What is the most common pruning technique for landscape trees?

A

crown cleaning; idea is to correct small growth problems before they have a chance to become large problems

42
Q

crown thinning

A

in pruning, the selective removal of live branches to provide/increase light or air penetration through the tree or to lighten the weight of the remaining branches and improve structure

43
Q

benefits of crown thinning

A

increased light stimulates and maintains interior foliage and increased air flow can improve health; thinning toward the tips of a branch can reduce the wind-sail effect of foliar clumps in the crown and relieve the weight of heavy limbs; retain natural shape and structural beauty

44
Q

how to properly thin a tree?

A

thin lateral branches from limbs but maintain well-spaced inner lateral branches to achieve even distribution of foliage along the branch

45
Q

lion tailing

A

poor pruning practice in which an excessive number of branches are thinned from the inside and lower part of specific limbs or tree crown, leaving mostly terminal foliage; results in poor branch taper, poor wind load distribution, and a higher risk of branch failure; caused by removing excessive inner laterals and foliage

46
Q

negative effects of lion tailing?

A

displaces foliar weight to the ends of branches and may result in sunburned bark tissue, watersprouts, reduced branch taper, weakened branch structure, and breakage

47
Q

crown raising

A

selective pruning to provide vertical clearance; removing lower branches of a tree in order to provide clearance for buildings, signs, vehicles, pedestrians, and lines of sight

48
Q

vista pruning

A

selective pruning to enable a view from a predetermined point; pruning to enhance a specific view

49
Q

crown reduction

A

pruning to decrease height and/or spread of a branch or crown; reduces the size of the tree; cut limbs back to their point of origin or back to laterals capable of sustaining the remaining limb

50
Q

How much can you remove when cutting a branch back to a lateral?

A

remove no more than 1/4 it’s foliage; generally the remaining lateral branch must be at least 1/3 the diameter of the removed portion; ensuring that remaining branches are viable will help maintain the structural integrity and natural form of the tree

51
Q

crown restoration

A

pruning to improve the structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been improperly trimmed, vandalized, or damaged; consists of selective removal of some watersprouts, stubs, and dead branches to improve a tree’s structure and form; choose 1-3 sprouts from the ends of damaged branches to become permanent branches and to re-form a more natural-appearing crown; use heading cuts to initiate new shoot development from a damaged branch as an alternative to removing the branch all together

52
Q

how long does restoration take?

A

usually requires several prunings over a number of years

53
Q

utility pruning

A

pruning around or near utility facilities with the object of maintaining safe and reliable utility service; removing of branches or stems to prevent the loss of service, prevent damage to the utility equipment, provide access for utility workers, and uphold the intended usage of utility facilities

54
Q

fronds

A

large, divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns

55
Q

When to prune a palm?

A

when fronds, flowers, fruit, or loose petioles might create a dangerous condition; palms can shed fronds and reproductive parts naturally, but it may pose a hazard

56
Q

How to prune a palm?

A

always remove accumulations of fronds from the top down; preferably don’t remove live, healthy fronds because older fronds contribute to starch production through photosynthesis and may provide essential elements to younger fronds; avoid removing fronds that initiate above horizontal (90 degrees from the stem); remove fronds by severing them close to the petiole base without damaging the living trunk tissue

57
Q

Is it good to skin palm trunks?

A

No, cutting petioles flush with the stem can leave unsightly scars and have potential to wound the stem and spread disease; wounds on palms do not “heal” and are present for the life of the tree

58
Q

espalier

A

specialized technique of pruning and training plants to grow within a plane, such as along a wall or fence; plant trained in that manner/to train plants in that manner; combination of pruning and training branches that are oriented in one plane, usually along a wall, fence, or trellis

59
Q

types of espalier patterns

A

simple or complex, formal or informal; used on fruit trees

60
Q

pollarding

A

speciality pruning technique in which a tree with a large-maturing form is kept relatively short; starting on a young tree, internodal cuts are made at a chosen height/specific locations, resulting in the development of callus knobs at the cut height; requires regular (usually annually) removal of the sprouts arising from the cuts; training system that involves sever heading the first year followed by sprout removal annually or every few years to keep large-growing trees to a modest size or to maintain a formal appearance

61
Q

When should pollarding be started?

A

when a tree is young

62
Q

internodal

A

between the nodes on a stem

63
Q

pollard head

A

knobs or knuckles that develop at the points where internodal cuts are made; where sprouts are produced from on pollarded trees

64
Q

When should pollarding take place?

A

annually or every few years, usually during the dormant season

65
Q

What is the key difference between pollarding and topping?

A

the knobs; if the knobs are damaged or removed in subsequent pruning, the branches will react as they would on a topped tree; do not cut into or below the knobs

66
Q

wound dressings

A

compound applied to tree wounds or pruning cuts; once thought to accelerate wound closure and reduce decay; light coating of nonphytotoxic material

67
Q

possible benefits to wound dressings

A

reducing borer attack, oak wilt infection, or control of sprout production or mistletoe

68
Q

main purpose for wound dressings?

A

cosmetic purposes; not required nor recommended

69
Q

proper pruning tools

A

adequate size for cuts to be made, sharp to make clean cuts without jagged edges or stubs; avoid anvil-type pruning tools with blade that cuts to flat surface; prefer tools with bypass blades

70
Q

climbing spurs

A

not appropriate to use for pruning operations, even on palms that lack a cambium layer

71
Q

What time of the year to prune?

A

routine pruning and removal of weak, diseased, undesirable, or dead limbs can be accomplished at any time with little negative effect; growth is maximized if pruning is done just before the buds swell, in the late winter or early spring; pruning trees when dormant can minimize the risk of pest problems associated with would entry and allow trees to take advantage of the full growing season to begin closing and compartmentalizing wounds

72
Q

When to avoid pruning?

A

during or soon after the initial growth flush (this reduces plant growth because the trees have just expended a great deal of stored energy to produce foliage and early shoot growth and removal of live branches at that time stresses the tree; susceptible trees should not be pruned during active transmission periods of diseases, such as oak wilt, because pruning wounds allow spores access into the tree

73
Q

When to prune based on flowers?

A

landscape trees that bloom on current season’s growth are best pruned in winter, prior to leaf emergence or in the summer after bloom has occurred; plants that bloom on last season’s wood should be pruned just after bloom or during the dormant season to enhance structure and distribute fruiting wood and pruned after bloom to thin fruit

74
Q

Examples of trees that bloom on current season’s growth

A

crapemyrtle and linden

75
Q

Examples of trees that bloom on last season’s wood

A

many fruit trees

76
Q

bleed

A

drain sap from pruning cuts

77
Q

plant growth regulators

A

compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants; may be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic; enhance or alter the growth and development processes of a plant; chemicals either increase or decrease normal growth, flowering, or fruiting of plants

78
Q

types of growth inhibitors

A

sprayed on the foliage, banded on the bark, soil applied, or injected into the tree

79
Q

antigibberellins

A

plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin, which, among other things, regulates cell elongation; inhibits the syntehsis of naturally occuring hormone gibberellin

80
Q

use of growth regulators

A

utility arboriculture to reduce the growth rates of trees and other vegetation near or beneath utility lines, therefore reducing pruning expenses; reduce watersprout production on trees

Arboriculture (16 decks)

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