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Arboriculture > Chapter 5: Tree Nutrition and Fertilization > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Tree Nutrition and Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

essential element

A

17 minerals essential to the growth and development of trees; these minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their life cycle without them; chemical constituent that is involved in the metabolism of the tree or that is necessary for the tree to complete its life cycle

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2
Q

Benefits of fertilizing trees?

A

increase growth, reduce susceptibility to certain diseases and insect pests, and even help reverse declining health

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3
Q

macronutrient

A

essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities

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4
Q

What is often the most limiting macronutrient and the one required in the largest quantity?

A

Nitrogen (N); a constituent of proteins and chlorophyll and is critical to photosynthesis and other plant processes

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5
Q

leaching

A

tendency for elements or compounds to wash down through the soil; tendency for elements or compounds to wash into the soil; volatilization; washing of chemicals down through the soil

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6
Q

chlorosis

A

whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll; often caused by nutrient deficiency

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7
Q

signs of Nitrogen deficiency

A

reduced growth, smaller leaves, and yellowing (chlorosis) of the older leaves

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8
Q

Examples of macronutrients

A

Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Sulfure (S)

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9
Q

secondary nutrients

A

mineral element required in moderate amounts by plants

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10
Q

Examples of secondary nutrients

A

Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)

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11
Q

micronutrients

A

essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities; may actually be toxic at high levels

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12
Q

iron chlorosis

A

condition that results when trees are not absorbing sufficient quantities of iron, often because iron in the soil is in a form that roots cannot absorb

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13
Q

Examples of micronutrients

A

Iron, Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), molybdenum, copper, chlorine, nickel, and boron

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14
Q

complete fertilizer

A

fertilizer containing the three primary elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)

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15
Q

fertilizer analysis

A

percentage of primary elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] in a fertilizer; expresses the composition of the fertilizer as a percentage by weight of the total nitrogen (N), available phosphoric acid (P2O5), and soluble potash (K2O) always listed in the same order

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16
Q

order of the fertilizer analysis

A
  1. ) nitrogen
  2. ) phosphorus
  3. ) potassium
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17
Q

organic

A

in chemistry, a substance containing carbon; in applied arboricultural context, a substance, especially a fertilizer or pesticide, of animal or vegetable origin

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18
Q

inorganic

A

not containing carbon; not containing organic material

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19
Q

inorganic fertilizer

A

fertilizer not containing organic material that releases elements relatively quickly when dissolved in water

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20
Q

organic fertilizer

A

fertilizer of animal or vegetable origin that releases inorganic ions more slowly as materials decompose and molecules are hydrolyzed in the soil; composed of carbon-based molecules and can be either synthetic or natural

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21
Q

Examples of synthetic organic fertilizers

A

urea formaldehyde (UF) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU)

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22
Q

Examples of natural organic fertilizers

A

manure, sewage sludge, fish hydrolysates, blood, and bone meal

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23
Q

Advantage of organic fertilizers?

A

They must be converted to inorganic ions before absorption, therefore they are not leached as readily from the soil

24
Q

Advantage of inorganic fertilizers?

A

The solubility is less affected by temperature

25
Q

slow release fertilizers

A

fertilizer that is at least 50% water-insoluble nitrogen (WIN), rate of release may vary depending on soil moisture and temperature; release nutrients (nitrogen) over an extended period of time which reduces the amount of nutrients that may be leached and also reduces salt and fertilizer burn problem

26
Q

fertilizer “burn”

A

injury to a plant resulting from excess fertilizer salts in the surrounding soil

27
Q

Example of slow-release fertilizer

A

sulfur-coated urea; has a coating that breaks down slowly to release the inner fertilizer over an extended period of time

28
Q

water-insoluble nitrogen

A

WIN; nitrogen fertilizer in a form that is not readily soluble in water

29
Q

What rate should fertilizer be applied?

A

Dependent on the tree (age, health, and species), form of the fertilizer, method of application, site conditions, and the goal to be achieved; create a fertilizer prescription based on foliar, soil, and pH analysis

30
Q

How much supplemental nitrogen is needed?

A

General recommendation for slow-release fertilizers is 2-4 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet of root area; for quick-release fertilizers is 1-3 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per application

31
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

CEC; ability of a soil to adsorb and hold cations; affected by soil pH; measures soil fertility, clay composition, and engineering characteristics

32
Q

What frequency should fertilizer be applied?

A

Dependent on the tree, soil conditions, and fertilizer type

33
Q

Clay soils have a high cation exchange capacity (CEC), what does that mean?

A

Clay soils readily attract, adsorb, and exchange positively charged minerals; less possibility of leaching

34
Q

surface application

A

placement of fertilizer or other material on the ground surface; broadcast; fertilizer is applied over the soil surface using a spreader with dry formulations or sprayer with liquid formulations, calibrated to apply the desired amount of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet

35
Q

Advantages of surface fertilizer application?

A

requires the least amount of time for application, does not require sophisticated equipment, delivers nitrogen to the upper surface and if there is enough water applied it may penetrate into the upper 6 inches of soil, where most of the trees actively absorbing roots are located

36
Q

volatilization

A

conversion of a solid or liquid into a gas or vapor

37
Q

Disadvantages of surface fertilizer application?

A

potential for volatilization or runoff into nearby rivers and streams, which contaminates the water

38
Q

subsurface application

A

placement of fertilizer or other material below the soil surface; designed to place fertilizer below the majority of the turfgrass roots

39
Q

drill-hole method (of fertilization)

A

applying fertilizer by drilling holes in the soil within the root zone; uses granular fertilizer; drill holes 2-4 inches in diameter spaced 12-36 inches apart around the tree in concentric circles or in a grid pattern; begin holes several feet out from the trunk to avoid damaging the buttress roots and extend holes to the drip line

40
Q

drip line

A

imaginary line defined by the branch spread of a single plant or group of plants

41
Q

liquid injection fertilization

A

applying liquid formulations of fertilizer by injection into the root zone of a tree; uses fertilizer dissolved or suspended in water injected under hydraulic pressure using a soil injector; focus application in the upper inches of the soil

42
Q

foliar application fertilization

A

applying a fertilizer, pesticide, or other substance directly to the foliage; used to correct minor element deficiencies

43
Q

chelate

A

chemical compound that keeps plant nutrients [usually iron (Fe)] soluble and available for plant absorption over a broad range of pH

44
Q

chelated iron sprays

A

used to provide rapid, although temporary, treatment of iron chlorosis; method not efficient for introduction of other essential elements, such as nitrogen

45
Q

When are micronutrient spray applications most effective?

A

Just before period of active growth

46
Q

implants

A

device, capsule, or pellet inserted into the tree’s xylem system to treat or prevent diseases, disorders, or pest problems; requires a relatively large diameter and deep hole in the trunk; rely on transpirational stream to move materials systemically within the xylem; used to treat minor micronutrient deficiencies

47
Q

injections

A

method of putting a liquid fertilizer or pesticide directly into the soil or plant’s tissues; rely on transpirational stream to move materials systemically within the xylem; used to treat minor micronutrient deficiencies

48
Q

Where to place implants or make injections?

A

Below the bark and cambium, directly into the first two rings of the xylem; do not reuse injection wounds from previous applications

49
Q

Long-term benefits of organic mulches?

A

improved soil structure, increased water and nutrient-holding capacity, and improved aeration and water infiltration

50
Q

salt index

A

relative scale (compared with sodium nitrate) on some fertilizer labels that indicates the likelihood to cause burning

51
Q

reverse osmosis

A

a phenomenon in which water is “drawn out” of the roots because the concentration of salts within the surrounding soil is greater than the concentration of solutes (salt) in the root due to excessive fertilization without proper irrigation; causes root “burn”

52
Q

How to minimize leaching?

A

apply only the amount of fertilizer needed, use organic or slow-release forms, and avoid over irrigating sandy soils; otherwise leached nutrients can also pollute groundwater, lakes, and streams

53
Q

How does pH limit the uptake of certain elements?

A

Soil pH can influence solubility of certain elements by causing them to form insoluble salts

54
Q

prescription fertilization

A

philosophy of basing fertilization recommendations on plant needs, which are primarily determined by soil or tissue testing; requires laboratory analyses of the soil and leaves to determine the nutrient needs of a tree

55
Q

soil analysis

A

analysis of soil to determine pH, mineral composition, structure, salinity, and other characteristics

56
Q

foliar analysis

A

laboratory analysis of the mineral content of foliage; must account for seasonal and species fluctuations in foliar nutrient content

57
Q

texture analysis

A

determines the amount of sand, silt, and clay present in the soil; useful in assessing the physical characteristics of the soil

Arboriculture (16 decks)

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