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Arboriculture > Chapter 2: Tree Identification > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Tree Identification Flashcards

1
Q

taxonomy

A

plant classification based on biological characteristics; science that studies the description denomination, and classification of living organisms based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

kingdom

A

primary taxonomic group, separating plants from animals; highest level of classification

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3
Q

division

A

phylum; taxonomic group below the kingdom level but above the class level; second classification level

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4
Q

Plant Classification Acronym

A

King Philip Came Over For Good Spagetti (KPCOFGS)

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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5
Q

vascular plants

A

plants with xylem and phloem elements for conducting water, nutrients, and photosynthates; consists of two groups: angiosperms and gymnosperms

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6
Q

angiosperms

A

plant with seeds borne in an ovary (fruit); consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants); flowering plants, including most deciduous trees and broad-leaved evergreens

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7
Q

gymnosperms

A

plants with exposed (naked) seeds, usually with cones; ginkgos and conifers (cone-bearing plants)

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8
Q

class

A

taxonomic group below the division level but above the order level

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9
Q

dicotyledons

A

dicots; plant with two seed leaves (cotyledons) in its embryo; netted or palmate leaf veins; and flowers with three, four, or five petals, or petals in multiples of these numbers; most common tree species except conifers, banana, and palms

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10
Q

monocotyledons

A

monocots; plant with embryo that has one seed leaf (cotyledon); grasses, palms, lilies, and orchids; stems have little ability to increase in diameters

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11
Q

order

A

taxonomic group below the class level but above the family level

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12
Q

family

A

taxonomic group under the order level and above the genus level; plants in the same family have common characteristics, most notably their types of flowers and fruits

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13
Q

genus

A

taxonomic group, composed of species having similar fundamental traits; botanical classification under the family level and above the specific epithet level; plants in the same genus have similar characteristics, particularly in their reproductive structures (flowers and fruit)

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14
Q

species

A

taxonomic group of organisms composed of individuals of the same genus that can reproduce among themselves and have similar offspring; identifies the particular plant; genus + specific epithet = species

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15
Q

specific epithet

A

classification name that follows the genus name in scientific nomenclature

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16
Q

nomenclature

A

specific naming system for living organisms; scientific names are Latin (or Latinized forms of other languages) and written in italics, the genus first (always starting with capital letter), followed by the specific epithet (species, always starting with lowercase letter)

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17
Q

hybrids

A

plant resulting from a cross between two or more other plants that are more or less alike, usually from the same genus; written with an ā€œxā€ between the genus and specific epithet

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18
Q

subspecies

A

group of plants within a species having distinct differences that occur naturally and usually within a specific geographic region

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19
Q

form

A

group of plants within a species having distinct variations that occur sporadically and naturally

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20
Q

variety

A

naturally occurring subdivision of a species having a distinct difference and breeding true to that difference

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21
Q

cultivar

A

cultivated variety of a plant; cannot be reproduced without human assistance; usually propagated asexually (cloned)

22
Q

divisions of species

A

subspecies, form, and variety and/or cultivar

23
Q

morphology

A

study of the form and structure of plants and other living organisms; size, shape, and appearance of plant parts

24
Q

simple leaf

A

single-bladed leaf; not composed of leaflets (one blade, needle, etc.)

25
Q

compound leaf

A

leaf with two or more leaflets but only single bud or cluster of buds at the base of the petiole

26
Q

how is a leaf determined?

A

by the presence of a bud at the base of the petiole, where it attaches to the stem

27
Q

types of compound leaves

A

pinnate, bipinnate, and palmate

28
Q

types of leaf bases

A

acute, rounded, cordate, oblique, auriculate

29
Q

types of leaf apices

A

acuminate, acute, obtuse, truncate, cuspidate

30
Q

types of leaf margins

A

entire, serrate, serrulate, double serrate, dentate, crenate, undulate, lobed

31
Q

types of leaf arrangements on a stem

A

opposite, alternate, and whorled

32
Q

leaf margin

A

outer edge of the leaf blade

33
Q

leaf base

A

bottom part of a leaf blade

34
Q

leaf apex

A

tip of the leaf blade

35
Q

deciduous

A

tree or other plant that sheds all of its leaves according to a genetically scheduled cycle as impacted by climate factors (usually during the cold season in temperate zones)

36
Q

How can you identify deciduous trees in winter?

A

Characteristics of the bark, branching habit, twigs, buds, fruit, and pith

37
Q

opposite leaf bud arrangement

A

pertaining to leaf arrangement - leaves or branches situated two at each node, across from each other on the stem

38
Q

alternate leaf bud arrangement

A

pertaining to leaf arrangement - one leaf or bud at each node, situated at alternating positions along the stem; the leaves are not directly across each other

39
Q

MAD Horse

A

memory devise to remember the genera with trees with opposite leaf arrangement in temperate North America; maple, ash, dogwood, and horsechestnut

40
Q

conifers

A

cone-bearing tree or other plant that has its seeds in a structure called a cone

41
Q

How many needles in a pine cluster?

A

Usually two, three, or five

42
Q

How many needles in spruces and firs?

A

One single needle; remember that spruce starts with ā€œsā€ for short, sharp, single, and square needles.

43
Q

foliage

A

leaves of a plant

44
Q

foliage types of conifers

A

needles (2, 3, or 5 in pines and 1 in firs and spruces), awl-like (in arborvitaes), and scale-like (in junipers)

45
Q

palmate

A

type of compound leaf with veins or leaflets radiating in a fanlike pattern

46
Q

pinnate

A

type of compound leaf, with leaflets along each side of a common axis

47
Q

bipinnate

A

double pinnate

48
Q

What type of leaves do most palms have?

A

Compound, either palmate or pinnate

49
Q

identification keys

A

diagnostic aid to help identify plants and other organisms; step by step method for unlocking the identity of a plant; use terminology that describes the shape, texture, arrangement of leaves, bud characteristics, twig shape, and the morphology of flowers and fuits

50
Q

serrate

A

sawtooth margin of a leaf, with the teeth pointed forward

51
Q

entire

A

term describing a leaf margin without teeth

Arboriculture (16 decks)

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