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Biology (Mrs. Bello) > Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

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2
Q

How does ATP release and store energy?

A

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and

re-forming bonds between its phosphate groups.

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3
Q

What do cells use energy for?

A

Cells use energy to build new molecules, contract muscles, and for active transport.

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4
Q

What is ATP and what does it consist of?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important compound that cells use to store and release energy. It consists of a 5-carbon sugar called ribose and 3 phosphate groups.

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5
Q

What are pigments?

A

Pigments are chemicals that absorb light. They are located inside the thylakoids membranes.

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6
Q

What happens to chlorophyll when it absorbs visible light?

A

The visible light absorbed by chlorophyll raises the energy level of the chlorophyll’s electrons.

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7
Q

What determines light’s color?

A

The wavelength of light determines its color.

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8
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) holds less energy than ATP because it has 2 phosphate groups as opposed to 3.

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9
Q

Where do autotrophs obtain energy from?

A

Autotrophs obtain energy from photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What happens in the process of photosynthesis?

A

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. They convert this solar energy into oxygen as well as chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

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11
Q

What is the plant’s principal pigment?

A

The plant’s principal pigment is chlorophyll.

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12
Q

Why do leaves appear green to us?

A

Leaves appear green because chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the visible spectrum. Rather than absorbing green, it reflects back to our eyes and we perceive it as green. Chlorophyll does, however, absorb light well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum.

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13
Q

Why do leaves change color in the winter?

A

Cooler temperatures cause the chlorophylls to break down and start to reflect yellow and red colors rather than the typical green.

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14
Q

How is the sun the ultimate energy source even for heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs capture solar energy and form high-energy carbohydrates that are used in the food that heterotrophs eat.

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15
Q

What is the key to ATP’s ability to store and supply energy?

A

The phosphate groups of ATP are they key to its ability to store and supply energy.

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16
Q

How is ADP like a rechargeable battery?

A

ADP can be fully recharged with the addition of a phosphate group. This, along with hydrogen ions passing through it, turns ADP into ATP.

17
Q

What are light-dependent reactions and where do they take place?

A

Light-dependent reactions require light-absorbing pigments and direct involvement of light in order to produce ATP and NADPH. This type of reaction takes place on the left side of the chloroplast and inside thylakoids membranes.

18
Q

What are light-independent reactions and where do they take place?

A

The ATP and NADPH molecules produced in light-dependent reactions are used in light-independent reactions to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide. Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma.

19
Q

What is produced in the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen is produced in the first stage of photosynthesis.

20
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Thylakoids are saclike photosynthetic membranes abundant in chloroplasts. In the chloroplast, they are arranged in stacks called grana. (Granum - singular stack)

21
Q

How do our eyes perceive sunlight?

A

Solar energy travels to Earth in the form of light. Our eyes perceive sunlight as “white” light when it is actually a mixture of different wavelengths.

22
Q

What happens to a large portion of the light absorbed by chlorophylls?

A

A large portion of the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is transferred to electrons, which would then be classified as high-energy electrons.

23
Q

Where is chlorophyll located?

A

Chlorophyll is located inside the thylakoids membranes that are found in chloroplasts.

24
Q

Why do high-energy electrons require a “carrier”?

A

The high-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are highly reactive and require a carrier. This carrier transports high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

25
Q

What is NADP+?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) is an example of an electron carrier molecule. It can hold two high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion (H+). This transforms it into NADPH.

26
Q

What colors are displayed on the visible spectrum?

A

In order of longest wavelengths to shortest, the visible spectrum consists of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.

27
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the equation for photosynthesis with the arrow representing solar energy. It translates to Carbon Dioxide + Water = Sugars + Oxygen.

28
Q

What is the stroma?

A

The stroma is the fluid portion of the chloroplast outside the thylakoids.

29
Q

How much activity can be done with the usual amount of ATP that cells store?

A

Most cells store enough ATP for only a few seconds of activity.

30
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

ATP releases energy when it breaks bonds between its phosphate groups.

31
Q

What happens when chlorophyll is struck by sunlight?

A

Pigments, including chlorophyll, absorb the light and then photosynthesis occurs.

32
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

ATP is composed of a sugar molecule known as ribose in the center, 3 phosphate groups, and adenine.

33
Q

How can cells regenerate ATP from ADP?

A

Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.

34
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.

Biology (Mrs. Bello) (16 decks)

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