Chapter 22 and 25 - Plants and Animals Flashcards
What do plants need to survive?
Plants need sunlight, gas exchange, water, and minerals to survive.
How did the first plant evolve?
Over time, the demands of life on land favored the evolution of plants more resistant to the drying rays of the sun, more capable of conserving water, and more capable of reproducing without water.
Explain the process of the alternation of generation
The life cycle of land plants has two alternating phases, a diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase.
The shift between the haploid phase and the diploid phase is known as the alternation of generations, as shown in the figure. The multicellular diploid phase is known as the sporophyte, or spore-producing plant. The multicellular haploid phase is known as the gametophyte, or gamete-producing plant. A sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis. These spores grow into multicellular structures called gametophytes.Each gametophyte produces reproductive cells called gametes—sperm and egg cells. During fertilization, a sperm and egg fuse with each other, producing a diploid zygote that develops into a new sporophyte.
What are the characteristics of green algae?
Green algae are mostly aquatic. They are found in fresh and salt water, and in some moist areas on land.
What factor limits the size of bryophytes?
Bryophytes do not make lignin, a substance that hardens cell walls, and do not contain true vascular tissue. Because of this, bryophytes cannot support a tall plant body against the pull of gravity.
What is the importance of vascular tissue?
It provides structure, allows the plant to grow tall, and transports fluid and nutrients.
How have bryophytes adapted?
Two adaptations made the move from water to land possible for Bryophytes: a waxy cuticle and gametangia. The waxy cuticle helped to protect the plant’s tissue from drying out and the gametangia provided further protection against drying out specifically for the plant’s gametes. Bryophytes also show embryonic development which is a significant adaptation that links them to the vascular land plants.
How do animals aid in the reproduction of angiosperms?
They are attracted to flowers and transfer the pollen structures that contain female gametophytes. They can disperse seeds caught in fur or feathers. They can also eat fruits and seeds pass through the digestive tract to land on the ground far from parent plants.
What are gymnosperms?
They are vascular plants that use cones for reproduction. There are four types: Conifers, in which the seeds are in cone or berrylike structures, Cycads, which look like ferns but they have seeds, Ginkoes, which are very large trees found mainly in China, and Gnetophyte. Gymnosperms do not need water for pollination because the pollen is instead transported by air.
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from one plant to another plant is pollination.
What part of the flower will turn into a fruit?
The ovary turns into a fruit.
How do gases pass in and out of a leaf?
Gases pass through a leaf by moving through the stomata.
How do non-vascular plants reproduce?
Non-vascular plants reproduce by using spores.
What is vascular tissue composed of?
It is composed of the xylem, which transports water from the roots to the leaves, and the phloem, which transports nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
What is the purpose of feedback inhibition?
Feedback inhibition regulates processes that maintain homeostasis.
