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Biology (Mrs. Bello) > Chapter 10 - Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis?

A

Spindle fibers are responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis.

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2
Q

In what phase does a cell spend most of its life?

A

A cell spends most of its life in interphase.

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3
Q

What is differentiation and when does it occur?

A

Differentiation is the process of an organism’s cells becoming more differentiated and specialized. It happens during development.

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4
Q

What is the spreading of cancerous cells called?

A

Metastasis is the spreading of cancerous cells.

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5
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes.

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6
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.

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7
Q

What organizing proteins are wrapped in DNA?

A

Histones are wrapped in DNA.

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8
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is a disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.

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9
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are highly coiled strands of DNA that carry genetic information.

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10
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle includes DNA replication?

A

DNA is replicated during the S phase.

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11
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Bacteria reproduces through a process known as binary fission.

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12
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death.

self-destruction

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13
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy is the use of compounds that kill or slow the growth of cancer cells by utilizing radiation.

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14
Q

What is cytokinesis and how does it differ between animal and plant cells?

A

Cytokinesis is the process of the cytoplasm being divided and it completes the process of cell division by finally splitting the cell in two. In plant cells, the cell wall present causes the membrane to lose the flexibility that allowed it to draw inward. Thus, a cell plate forms and develops into another cell membrane that divides the 2 daughter cells.

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15
Q

What is mitosis and what are its four phases?

A

Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and its four phases are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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16
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

In Prophase, the duplicated chromosome condenses and becomes visible. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus and help organize the spindle. The spindle forms and DNA strands attach at a point called the centromere. The nucleolus disappears and the nucleus breaks down.

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17
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

In Metaphase, the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.

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18
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

In Anaphase, centromeres are pulled apart and chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes. The chromosomes separate into 2 groups near poles of the spindle.

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19
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

In Telophase, the chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin. Nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes. Spindle breaks apart and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.

20
Q

What is another name for asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis is another name for asexual reproduction.

21
Q

What are cyclins and what do they do?

A

Cyclins are a family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

22
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Growth factors are external regulators that stimulate the growth and division of cells. They’re important during embryonic development and wound healing.

23
Q

Who does cancer affect?

A

Cancer affects people who possess defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division. These defects come from activities such as smoking tobacco, radiation exposure, and viral infection.

24
Q

Why are stem cells important?

A

Embryonic stem cells in particular are important because they’re capable of producing every cell type in the body.

25
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division is the process of a cell dividing into 2 daughter cells.

26
Q

What’s the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Meiosis is the production of sex cells and is a form of sexual reproduction. Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction and produces two genetically identical daughter cells.

27
Q

How are cells affected by their size?

A

Most cells divide after growing to a certain point. The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. Also, larger cells are less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane. When the cell becomes too large, it must go through mitosis.

28
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

Chromosomes are visible during Prophase.

29
Q

How does the ratio of surface area to volume affect a cell?

A

As the cell gets larger, the surface area does not increase as much as the volume increases. Thus, the cell reaches a point where not enough material can cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate for the increase volume.

30
Q

What are chromatids?

A

Each strand of a duplicated chromosome is called a chromatid.

31
Q

What are centromeres?

A

Centromeres are the area where each pair of chromatids is joined.

32
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Centrioles are tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize the spindle.

33
Q

What is the spindle?

A

The spindle is the fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids.

34
Q

Where is the DNA located in the prokaryotic cells?

A

The DNA in prokaryotic cells is located in the cytoplasm.

35
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA tightly coils around proteins known as histones, forming structures known as nucleosomes. Nucleosomes then pack together to create coils. These coils then coil with themselves, finally creating the supercoils that are a key component of chromosomes. The cell goes to these great lengths to package DNA to ensure equal division of DNA during cell division.

36
Q

What’s the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Benign tumors are noncancerous and do not spread to surrounding healthy tissue or to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, however, are cancerous and invade and destroy the surround tissue.

37
Q

What is Interphase?

A

Interphase is the time between cell division.

38
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue formed by cancer cells.

39
Q

What is an embryo?

A

An embryo is an early developmental stage from which an adult is gradually produced.

40
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass. Blastocysts are formed from human embryos.

41
Q

List the phases of the cell cycle in order.

A

G1 –> S –> G2–> M

42
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

In this phase, cells do most of their growing. They increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles.

43
Q

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

In this phase, new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated. The “S” in the S phase stands for “synthesis”.

44
Q

What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

This phase is usually the shortest. Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced here.

45
Q

What happens during the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

This phase (cell division) encompasses both mitosis and cytokinesis. The nucleus divides during mitosis and the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis.

46
Q

What are some advantages that meiosis possesses over mitosis?

A

Meiosis produces offspring with traits from both parents. This vastly increases the offspring’s survivability.

Biology (Mrs. Bello) (16 decks)

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