Chapter 8: Overview of the Autonomic Nervous system Flashcards
System that is made up of visceral motor nerve fibres that conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glandular epithelial tissue.
Autonomic Nervous System
Motor neurons establish a two-neuron pathway:
- First impulse (of two neuron pathway)
- Second impulse (of two-neuron pathway )
__________ - Impulses cross synapses to postganglionic neurons which then conduct the impulse from ganglia to visceral effectors.
Second impulse
__________ - Impulses travel over preganglionic neurons from the spinal cord or brainstem to autonomic ganglia.
First impulse
What is the Motor neurons that make up the Autonomic Nervous System?
Autonomic neurons
______________ - The dendrites and cell bodies of these neurons are located in gray matter of the spinal cord and brainstem. Their axons extend into peripheral „junction boxes‟ called ______ .
Preganglionic neurons
ganglia
Where is Preganglionic neurons conduct impulses?
between the spinal cord and ganglion.
_______________ - Neurons that conduct impulses from a ganglion to cardiac and smooth muscle or glandular tissue.
Postganglionic neurons
What are the two divisions of Autonomic Nervous System?
1) Sympathetic Nervous System (fight and flight)
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System (digest and rest)
This division is often referred to as the ”fight or flight system.” Its activity is evident when we are excited or find ourselves in an emergency or threatening situations.
Sympathetic Nervous System
What are the functions of Sympathetic Nervous System?
- Make us ready for strenuous muscular work or prepare us for “fight or flight”.
- Sympathetic fibres take control of many internal organs. When we exercise strenuously, sympathetic fibres take control.
________ - response of the body is somewhat like an airplane readying for take-off. Virtually all systems are modified to meet any perceived danger.
Stress
Stress that include adverse physical conditions (such as pain or hot or cold temperatures) or stressful psychological environments (such as poor working conditions or abusive relationships).
External stressors
Stress that can also be physical (infections, inflammation) or psychological. ( intense worry about a harmful event that may or may not occur).
Internal stressors
Stressors that defined as short-term is called:
Acute Stress
Stressors that defined as long-term is called:
Chronic Stress
It is the reaction to an immediate threat, commonly known as the fight or flight response.
Acute Stress
It can be any situation that is experienced, even subconsciously or falsely, as a danger.
Threat
What are the examples of Common acute stressors?
- noise
- crowding
- isolation
- hunger
- danger
- infection and imagining a threat or remembering a dangerous event.
Under most circumstances, once the acute threat has passed, the response becomes inactivated and levels of stress hormones return to normal, a condition called :
relaxation response
___________ - Frequently, however, modern life poses on-going stressful situations that are not short-lived and the urge to act (to fight or to flee) must be suppressed. Stress, then, becomes chronic.
Chronic Stress
List are Common chronic stressors. Except:
a. on-going highly pressured work
b. long-term relationship problems
c. hunger
d. loneliness and persistent financial worries.
Except: C.
Hunger is included in Common Acute Stressor.
What is the effect of acute Stress?
The best way to envision the effect of acute stress, is to imagine being in a primitive situation, such as a bear chasing you.
The Brain’s Response to Acute Stress:
In response to seeing the bear, a part of the brain called the _________________ is activated.
hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) system