Chapter 8: Overview of the Autonomic Nervous system

Question 1

System that is made up of visceral motor nerve fibres that conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glandular epithelial tissue.

Answer 1

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 2

Motor neurons establish a two-neuron pathway:

Answer 2

• First impulse (of two neuron pathway)
• Second impulse (of two-neuron pathway )

Question 3

__________ - Impulses cross synapses to postganglionic neurons which then conduct the impulse from ganglia to visceral effectors.

Answer 3

Second impulse

Question 4

__________ - Impulses travel over preganglionic neurons from the spinal cord or brainstem to autonomic ganglia.

Answer 4

First impulse

Question 5

What is the Motor neurons that make up the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 5

Autonomic neurons

Question 6

______________ - The dendrites and cell bodies of these neurons are located in gray matter of the spinal cord and brainstem. Their axons extend into peripheral „junction boxes‟ called ______ .

Answer 6

Preganglionic neurons

ganglia

Question 7

Where is Preganglionic neurons conduct impulses?

Answer 7

between the spinal cord and ganglion.

Question 8

_______________ - Neurons that conduct impulses from a ganglion to cardiac and smooth muscle or glandular tissue.

Answer 8

Postganglionic neurons

Question 9

What are the two divisions of Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 9

1) Sympathetic Nervous System (fight and flight)
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System (digest and rest)

Question 10

This division is often referred to as the ”fight or flight system.” Its activity is evident when we are excited or find ourselves in an emergency or threatening situations.

Answer 10

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 11

What are the functions of Sympathetic Nervous System?

Answer 11

• Make us ready for strenuous muscular work or prepare us for “fight or flight”.
• Sympathetic fibres take control of many internal organs. When we exercise strenuously, sympathetic fibres take control.

Question 12

________ - response of the body is somewhat like an airplane readying for take-off. Virtually all systems are modified to meet any perceived danger.

Answer 12

Stress

Question 13

Stress that include adverse physical conditions (such as pain or hot or cold temperatures) or stressful psychological environments (such as poor working conditions or abusive relationships).

Answer 13

External stressors

Question 14

Stress that can also be physical (infections, inflammation) or psychological. ( intense worry about a harmful event that may or may not occur).

Answer 14

Internal stressors

Question 15

Stressors that defined as short-term is called:

Answer 15

Acute Stress

Question 16

Stressors that defined as long-term is called:

Answer 16

Chronic Stress

Question 17

It is the reaction to an immediate threat, commonly known as the fight or flight response.

Answer 17

Acute Stress

Question 18

It can be any situation that is experienced, even subconsciously or falsely, as a danger.

Answer 18

Threat

Question 19

What are the examples of Common acute stressors?

Answer 19

1. noise
2. crowding
3. isolation
4. hunger
5. danger
6. infection and imagining a threat or remembering a dangerous event.

Question 20

Under most circumstances, once the acute threat has passed, the response becomes inactivated and levels of stress hormones return to normal, a condition called :

Answer 20

relaxation response

Question 21

___________ - Frequently, however, modern life poses on-going stressful situations that are not short-lived and the urge to act (to fight or to flee) must be suppressed. Stress, then, becomes chronic.

Answer 21

Chronic Stress

Question 22

List are Common chronic stressors. Except:

a. on-going highly pressured work
b. long-term relationship problems
c. hunger
d. loneliness and persistent financial worries.

Answer 22

Except: C.

Hunger is included in Common Acute Stressor.

Question 23

What is the effect of acute Stress?

Answer 23

The best way to envision the effect of acute stress, is to imagine being in a primitive situation, such as a bear chasing you.

Question 24

The Brain’s Response to Acute Stress:

In response to seeing the bear, a part of the brain called the _________________ is activated.

Answer 24

hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) system

Question 25

The HPA systems trigger the production and release of steroid hormones ( __________ ) including the primary stress hormone _________ .

Answer 25

glucocorticoids cortisol

Question 26

Release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) called _________ particularly those known as ________ , ________ and ________ (also called adrenaline).

Answer 26

catecholamines

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

Question 27

A nearby area in the brain that stores the emotionally loaded experience in long-term memory.

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

True or False.

During a stressful event, areas at the front of the brain concerned with short-term memory, concentration, inhibition and rational thought are suppressed. This sequence of mental events, allows a person to react quickly.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Response of the Heart, Lungs and Circulation to Acute Stress. Except:

a. the heart rate and blood pressure increase instantaneously.
b. Breathing becomes slow and the lungs take in more oxygen.
c. Blood flow may actually increase 300% to 400% priming the muscles, lungs and brain for added demands.
d. The spleen discharges red and white blood cells, allowing the blood to transport more oxygen.

Answer 29

Except: b

Correct: Breathing becomes rapid and the lungs take in more oxygen.

Question 30

Response of the immune system to acute stress. True or False:

1. The steroid hormones dampen parts of the immune system, so that infection fighters (including important white blood cells) or other immune molecules can be redistributed.
2. These immune-boosting troops are sent to the body’s front lines where injury or infection is most likely, such as the skin, the bone marrow and the lymph nodes.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are the Acute Response in stress of the Mouth and Throat?

Answer 31

fluids are diverted from non-essential locations, including the mouth. This causes dryness and difficulty in talking. In addition, stress can cause spasms of the throat muscles, making it difficult to swallow.

Question 32

The stress effect diverts blood flow away from the skin, to support the heart and muscle tissues. The physical effect is a cool, clammy, sweaty skin. The scalp also tightens, so that the hair seems to stand up.

Answer 32

The Skin’s Response to Acute Stress

Question 33

Stress shuts down digestive activity, a nonessential body function during short-term periods of physical exertion or crisis.

Answer 33

Metabolic Response to Acute Stress

Question 34

Once the threat has passed and the effect has not been harmful, the stress hormones return to normal. This is known as ____________ . In turn, the systems of the body also normalize.

Answer 34

the relaxation response

Question 35

List of the physical and psychological conditions that may results from Stress. Give 5 more conditions.

Psychological Effects ( depression )

Stroke Susceptibility to Infections

Cancer

Eating Problems

Diabetes

Pain

Memory, Concentration and Learning Distrurbances

Answer 35

1. Gastrointestinal Problems
2. Sleep Disturbances
3. Heart Disease
4. Sexual and Reproductive Dysfunction
5. Immune Disorders

Question 36

_______________ - is most active in non-stressful situations. This division is sometimes called the „digest and rest‟ system and and is chiefly concerned with keeping our body energy as low as possible, even as it directs vital activities such as digestion and elimination.

Answer 36

The parasympathetic division

Question 37

Function of the parasympathetic division:

Answer 37

Dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal everyday conditions.

Question 38

What are example of Gastrointestinal Problems associated with stress?

Answer 38

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Question 39

Give example of Eating Problems associated with stress.

Answer 39

• Weight Gain
• Weight Loss
• Eating Disorders ( Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa )

Question 40

Give example of Sexual and Reproductive Dysfunction associated with stress.

Answer 40

• Sexual Function ( diminished sexual desire )
• Premenstrual Syndrome
• Fertility Effects on Pregnancy ( Maternal stress )

Question 41

What are the other Disorders associated with stress?

Answer 41

• Allergies Skin Disorders
• Unexplained Hair Loss (Alopecia Areata)
• Teeth and Gums Disease