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Neuroscience 1 > Chapter 7: The Somatic Motor Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Somatic Motor Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

It is considered as the volunteer nervous system. This system involves control of skeletal muscles

A

The Somatic Motor Nervous System

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of Peripheral nervous System?

A

Somatic Motor Nervous

System Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

Stimulation and contraction of a single skeletal muscle cell is called:

A

Skeletal muscle activity

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4
Q

What are the special functional properties of Muscle cells?

A

Irritability

Contractility

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5
Q

Functional properties of muscle where in muscle cells have the ability to shorten, when an adequate stimulus is received.

A

Contractility

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6
Q

Functional properties of muscle where in muscle cells can receive and respond to a stimulus.

A

Irritability

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7
Q

In order for muscle cells to contract, they must be stimulated by a _____________ .

A

nerve impulse

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8
Q

What happens when an axon reaches the muscle?

A

It branches into a number of axon terminals (nerve endings) and forms neuromuscular junctions with the muscle cells.

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9
Q

A neurotransmitter that is released when the nerve impulse reaches the nerve endings.

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

The Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors found in the ____________ ( sarcolemma) of the muscle cell.

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

Mechanism of muscle contraction is based on what theory?

A

sliding filament theory

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12
Q

When muscle cells are activated by the Somatic Motor Nervous System, the myosin heads (protrude around the ends of the thick filaments) attach to binding sites on the thin filaments and the “sliding‟ begins. This is called:

A

The sliding filament theory

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13
Q

Energized by ATP, each __________ attaches and detaches several times during a contraction. The ___________ pull the thin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere.

A

cross bridge

myosin heads

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14
Q

This attachment of myosin that heads to _____________ , requires Ca+ (calcium ions) which the cell obtains from the ______________ of the cell.

A

thin myofilaments

sacroplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

Statement regarding Mechanism of Muscle Contraction : True or False.

Once the action potential ends, the calcium ions get reabsorbed into the sacroplasmic reticulum storage areas. The muscle cell relaxes and settles back to its original length.

A

True

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16
Q

________ - Fast involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to some stimulus. Reflexes can be inborn or learned.

A

Reflex

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17
Q

____________ - When integration occurs in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

A

Spinal reflex

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18
Q

___________ - When integration occurs in the brain stem.

A

Cranial reflex

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19
Q

__________ – Involve contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic reflexes

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20
Q

TRUE about Autonomic reflexes. Except:

  1. consciously perceived
  2. Involve smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
  3. Controlled by autonomic nervous system
  4. Difficult to test this type of reflex. Exception - the pupillary light reflex. No contraction indicates damage to different regions of the brain
A

Except: number 1

Correct: Not consciously perceived

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21
Q

What are the essential components of Reflex arcs ?

A
  1. Sensory Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. CNS integration
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
22
Q

__________ - This neuron takes sensory receptor information and propagates a nerve impulse to the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem.

A

Sensory neuron

23
Q

___________ - Carries information from central nervous system to the effector.

A

Motor neuron

24
Q

___________ - Usually a dendrite causing a graded potential (generator potential). If it reaches threshold, it will cause an action potential.

A

Sensory Receptor

25
Q

____________ - Regions of gray matter in the CNS

A

Central Nervous System integration

26
Q

_________ - Part of the body that will respond to the motor neuron

A

Effector

27
Q

What are the Four Somatic Spinal Reflexes?

A
  1. Stretch reflex
  2. Tendon reflex
  3. Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
  4. Crossed extensor reflex
28
Q

______________ - Controls muscle length by causing muscle contraction.

A

The Stretch Reflex

29
Q

In the Stretch Reflex it causes contraction of a ___________ , in response to stretching of the muscle

A

skeletal muscle

30
Q

The Stretch Reflex Occurs due to:

A

monosynaptic reflex arc (reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS)

31
Q

Which statement is false regarding Stretch Reflex?

a) Activation of muscle spindles, monitors changes in strength of the muscle.
b) Muscle spindle generates nerve impulses that move along a somatic sensory neuron, through the posterior root of the spinal nerve into the spinal cord.
c) In the spinal cord the sensory neuron synapses with a motor neuron, in the anterior gray horn.
d) If the nerve impulse is strong enough, it will start a nerve impulse along the motor neuron.

A

a.

Correct: Activation of muscle spindles, monitors changes in length of the muscle.

32
Q

Stretch Reflex reflex is called an ___________ because the sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side that the motor nerve impulse leaves.

A

ipsilateral reflex

33
Q

This reflex controls muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation, before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn.

A

The Tendon Reflex

34
Q

The sensory receptors for Tendon reflex are called ______________.

A

Golgi tendon organs.

35
Q

The tendon organ is stimulated when:

A

Tension is applied to a tendon

36
Q

False statement regarding the Tendon Reflex.

a. ) Nerve impulse reaches the spinal cord by motor neuron.
b. ) The sensory neuron activates an inhibitory interneuron that synapses with a motor neuron.
c. ) The inhibitory neurotransmitter inhibits the motor neuron, which then generates fewer nerve impulses.
d. ) The muscle attached to the tendon relaxes and relieves excess tension.

A

a.

Correct: Nerve impulse reaches the spinal cord by sensory neuron.

37
Q

________________ - Type of neural circuit which (at same time) causes contraction of one muscle and relaxation of antagonist.

A

Reciprocal innervation

38
Q

Flexor Reflexes is also known as:

A

withdrawal reflex

39
Q

___________ - This is a polysynaptic reflex arc which involves more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse.

A

The Flexor Reflexes

40
Q

______________ - nerve impulses from one sensory neuron ascend/descend in the spinal cord and activate interneurons in several segments of the spinal cord.

A

Intersegmental reflex arc

41
Q

In Flexor Reflexes, Sensory neuron nerve impulse travels to the __________ . Within the spinal cord a sensory neuron will synapse with ___________ .

A

spinal cord

interneurons

42
Q

In Flexor Reflexes, interneurons synapse with several spinal cord segments and activate nerve impulses along ___________.

A

motor neurons

43
Q

___________ - are released from the axon terminal of the motor neuron, causing the stimulated muscles to withdraw.

A

Neurotransmitters

44
Q

The Flexor Reflexes: True or False.

The movement of a part of the body away from the painful stimulus takes more than one muscle group, several motor neurons must be simultaneously stimulated, to move many muscles at once.

A

True

45
Q

In Flexor Reflexes, neurotransmitters are then released from the axon terminal of the motor neuron, causing the stimulated muscles to withdraw. What happen in Crossed Extensor Reflex when neurotransmiiters are released?

A

muscles contracts to balance the body when the flexor reflex is in effect

46
Q

In Crossed Extensor Reflex , the interneurons stimulate motor neurons in several spinal cord segments and send the nerve impulse to the ___________ of the motor neuron.

A

axon terminal

47
Q

Regarding Flexor reflexes and crossed extensor reflex: True or False.

  1. Within the spinal cord a sensory neuron will synapse with interneurons, that extend to several spinal cord segments.
  2. Sensory neuron generates a nerve impulse to the spinal cord.
  3. The flexor and crossed extensor reflexes work together, to maintain balance, when an outside stimulus acts on the body.
A

True

48
Q

____________ - is a contra-lateral reflex arc. Sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side.

A

The crossed extensor reflex

49
Q

The sign is when the great toe extends, instead of flexing in response to a „sharp‟ traveling along the plantar side of the foot. Normal in children under 18 months. When this sign is present, it is a sign that there is damage to descending motor pathways.

A

Babinski sign

50
Q

______________ - This reflex seen when stroking lateral outer margin of sole of foot and toes curling in response.

A

Plantar flexion reflex

Neuroscience 1 (8 decks)

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